Studies cited

Here you will find all the sources cited in Per gli occhi articles: systematic reviews, guidelines, clinical trials and documents from health institutions. For each source there is a link to the text (via the DOI or PubMed) and a list of the magazine articles that cite it.

Study titles are given in their original language of publication. Bibliographic data come from PubMed, the database of the National Library of Medicine; how we choose our sources is explained on the page Our method.

Diseases and disorders

• 2018 Update on Intravitreal Injections: Euretina Expert Consensus Recommendations. — cited in Injections into the eye for wet macular degeneration: how they work
• 5 year incidence of YAG capsulotomy and PCO after cataract surgery with single-piece monofocal intraocular lenses: a real-world evidence study of 20,763 eyes. — cited in Secondary cataract: why vision turns hazy again after surgery
• [Differentiation of ocular hypertension]. — cited in High eye pressure without glaucoma: what it means
• [Hordeolum and chalazion : (Differential) diagnosis and treatment]. — cited in Chalazion or stye? The differences, how long they last and treatments; Is a stye contagious? Can you squeeze it?; Stye: what it is, how long it lasts and what the studies say
• [Imaging of neuro-ophthalmological emergencies]. — cited in Drooping eyelid (ptosis): causes and when surgery is needed
• [Inherited colour vision deficiencies–from Dalton to molecular genetics]. — cited in Colour blindness: types, tests and why it mostly affects men
• [Posterior capsule opacification]. — cited in Secondary cataract: why vision turns hazy again after surgery
• [Pseudophakic retinal detachment]. — cited in Retinal detachment: the symptoms to recognise at once
• [Sport and Glaucoma]. — cited in Glaucoma: what you really need to avoid, and what is only a fear
• A 5-year, randomized, open-label safety study of latanoprost and usual care in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. — cited in Heterochromia: eyes of different colours, when it is harmless and when it is not
• A literature review on Fuchs uveitis syndrome: An update. — cited in Heterochromia: eyes of different colours, when it is harmless and when it is not
• A Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Hyaluronic Acid Eye Drops for the Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome. — cited in Artificial tears: with or without preservatives, what is the difference
• A New Pharmacological Vitreolysis through the Supplement of Mixed Fruit Enzymes for Patients with Ocular Floaters or Vitreous Hemorrhage-Induced Floaters. — cited in Eye floaters: can they be removed? Laser, vitrectomy and false remedies
• A review of acquired blepharoptosis: prevalence, diagnosis, and current treatment options. — cited in Drooping eyelid (ptosis): causes and when surgery is needed
• A Systematic Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Infectious and Non-infectious Conjunctivitis. — cited in Allergic conjunctivitis: pollen, itching and what the studies say; Viral, bacterial or allergic conjunctivitis: how to tell them apart
• Acquired color vision deficiency. — cited in Colour blindness: types, tests and why it mostly affects men
• Acquired nystagmus. — cited in Nystagmus: when the eyes ‘dance’
• Acquired pendular nystagmus. — cited in Nystagmus: when the eyes ‘dance’
• Acupuncture for acute hordeolum. — cited in Stye: what it is, how long it lasts and what the studies say
• Acute Vision Loss. — cited in Sudden blurred vision: possible causes and when it is urgent
• Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis. — cited in Conjunctivitis: is it contagious? For how long, at school and at work; Viral, bacterial or allergic conjunctivitis: how to tell them apart; Is a stye contagious? Can you squeeze it?
• Adverse events of inhaled corticosteroids in adult patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pairwise, network and dose-response meta-analyses. — cited in Cataracts: the first symptoms and how vision changes
• Age-related macular degeneration. — cited in Macular degeneration: dry and wet forms, symptoms and diagnosis
• Age-related macular degeneration. — cited in Macular degeneration: dry and wet forms, symptoms and diagnosis
• Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor biosimilars for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. — cited in Injections into the eye for wet macular degeneration: how they work
• Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. — cited in Injections into the eye for wet macular degeneration: how they work
• Antibioprophylaxis in Prevention of Endophthalmitis in Intravitreal Injection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Injections into the eye for wet macular degeneration: how they work
• Appraising the causal role of smoking in multiple diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies. — cited in Cataracts: the first symptoms and how vision changes
• Assessment of Cumulative Incidence and Severity of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Among Participants in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study After 20 Years of Follow-up. — cited in High eye pressure without glaucoma: what it means
• Association of blepharitis with Demodex: a meta-analysis. — cited in Blepharitis: why the eyelids become inflamed and how it is treated
• Bell’s Palsy. — cited in Eye twitching: the causes and when it goes away
• Blepharospasm: recent advances. — cited in Eye twitching: the causes and when it goes away
• Blindness and vision impairment (fact sheet) — cited in Cataracts: the first symptoms and how vision changes; Ophthalmologist, orthoptist, optometrist, optician: who does what; Eye examination: how often to have one and from what age
• Chalazia: A Scoping Review to Identify the Evidence Behind Treatments. — cited in Chalazion or stye? The differences, how long they last and treatments
• Childhood stye and adult rosacea. — cited in Stye: what it is, how long it lasts and what the studies say
• Clinical and imaging clues to the diagnosis and follow-up of ptosis and ophthalmoparesis. — cited in Drooping eyelid (ptosis): causes and when surgery is needed
• Color vision devices for color vision deficiency patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Colour blindness: types, tests and why it mostly affects men
• Colour vision deficiency. — cited in Colour blindness: types, tests and why it mostly affects men
• Comparative Effectiveness of First-Line Medications for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. — cited in Can glaucoma be cured? Eye drops, laser and surgery according to the studies
• Comparative efficacy of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: A systematic review with network meta-analysis. — cited in Injections into the eye for wet macular degeneration: how they work
• Comparison of hydrophobic and hydrophilic intraocular lens in preventing posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery: An updated meta-analysis. — cited in Secondary cataract: why vision turns hazy again after surgery
• Congenital nystagmus: randomized, controlled, double-masked trial of memantine/gabapentin. — cited in Nystagmus: when the eyes ‘dance’
• Congenital ptosis. — cited in Drooping eyelid (ptosis): causes and when surgery is needed
• Conjunctival autograft for pterygium. — cited in Pterygium and pinguecula: the sun and that spot on the white of the eye
• Conjunctival Autograft Versus Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Treatment of Pterygium: Findings From a Cochrane Systematic Review. — cited in Pterygium and pinguecula: the sun and that spot on the white of the eye
• Conjunctivitis: A review. — cited in Red eye: the most common causes and when to see a doctor
• Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment. — cited in Allergic conjunctivitis: pollen, itching and what the studies say; Conjunctivitis: is it contagious? For how long, at school and at work; Viral, bacterial or allergic conjunctivitis: how to tell them apart
• Conjunctivitis: A Systematic Review. — cited in Viral, bacterial or allergic conjunctivitis: how to tell them apart
• Conservative therapy for chalazia: is it really effective? — cited in Chalazion or stye? The differences, how long they last and treatments
• Correlation between Demodex species in primary and recurrent chalazia. — cited in Chalazion or stye? The differences, how long they last and treatments
• Crossover trial of gabapentin and memantine as treatment for acquired nystagmus. — cited in Nystagmus: when the eyes ‘dance’
• Current Knowledge in Allergic Conjunctivitis. — cited in Allergic conjunctivitis: pollen, itching and what the studies say
• Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty versus penetrating keratoplasty for treating keratoconus. — cited in Keratoconus: symptoms, causes and treatments
• Demodex Blepharitis: A Comprehensive Review of the Disease, Current Management, and Emerging Therapies. — cited in Blepharitis: why the eyelids become inflamed and how it is treated
• Detached retina (retinal detachment) — cited in Retinal detachment: the symptoms to recognise at once; Myopia: what it is, how you see and why it gets worse; Sudden blurred vision: possible causes and when it is urgent
• Detection of female carriers of congenital color-vision deficiencies by visual pigment gene analysis. — cited in Colour blindness: types, tests and why it mostly affects men
• Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care. — cited in Red eye: the most common causes and when to see a doctor
• Diagnosis and pathogenesis of dystonia: clinical heterogeneity, shared mechanisms, and neurodevelopmental origins. — cited in Eye twitching: the causes and when it goes away
• Dietary factors and the risk of glaucoma: a review. — cited in Glaucoma: what you really need to avoid, and what is only a fear
• Differential Diagnosis of the Swollen Red Eyelid. — cited in Chalazion or stye? The differences, how long they last and treatments; Is a stye contagious? Can you squeeze it?; Stye: what it is, how long it lasts and what the studies say
• Diffuse iris melanoma: a report of 25 cases. — cited in Heterochromia: eyes of different colours, when it is harmless and when it is not
• Disorders of facial motor function. — cited in Eye twitching: the causes and when it goes away
• Do Vitreous Floaters Predict Retinal Detachment? Retrospective Cohort Study in Primary Care. — cited in Retinal detachment: the symptoms to recognise at once; Eye floaters: why you see them and when to worry
• Drug-induced glaucomas: mechanism and management. — cited in Glaucoma: what you really need to avoid, and what is only a fear
• Effect of Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy on the risk for retinal detachment after cataract surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Secondary cataract: why vision turns hazy again after surgery
• Effect of Preserved Versus Preservative-Free Artificial Tears on the Corneal Epithelial Thickness Mapping by MS-39 in Dry Eye Patients. — cited in Artificial tears: with or without preservatives, what is the difference
• Effectiveness of early lens extraction for the treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma (EAGLE): a randomised controlled trial. — cited in Open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma: the differences
• Effectiveness of nonpharmacologic treatments for acute seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. — cited in Allergic conjunctivitis: pollen, itching and what the studies say
• Effectiveness of using preservative-free artificial tears versus preserved lubricants for the treatment of dry eyes: a systematic review. — cited in Artificial tears: with or without preservatives, what is the difference
• Effects of isometric resistance exercise of the lower limbs on intraocular pressure and ocular perfusion pressure among healthy adults: A meta-analysis. — cited in Glaucoma: what you really need to avoid, and what is only a fear
• Efficacy and Safety of Pars Plana Vitrectomy for Primary Symptomatic Floaters: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses. — cited in Eye floaters: can they be removed? Laser, vitrectomy and false remedies
• Efficacy of Oxymetazoline 0.1% in Acquired Blepharoptosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. — cited in Drooping eyelid (ptosis): causes and when surgery is needed
• Efficacy, safety, and treatment burden of treat-and-extend versus alternative anti-VEGF regimens for nAMD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Injections into the eye for wet macular degeneration: how they work
• Environmental Drivers of Dry Eye Disease: A Narrative Review of Pollutants, Climate, and Indoor Exposures with Practice Recommendations. — cited in Dry eye: the remedies that work, according to the studies
• Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in a chronic care facility: risk factors and measures for control. — cited in Conjunctivitis: is it contagious? For how long, at school and at work
• Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis: the current situation and recommendations for prevention and treatment. — cited in Conjunctivitis: is it contagious? For how long, at school and at work
• Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease: Considerations for Clinical Management. — cited in Blepharitis: why the eyelids become inflamed and how it is treated; Dry eye: symptoms, causes and when it becomes a disease
• ESCRS Recommendations for Refractive Surgery — cited in Keratoconus: symptoms, causes and treatments; Laser eye surgery for short-sightedness: LASIK, PRK and SMILE compared; Laser eye surgery: risks, side effects and who cannot have it
• Essential blepharospasm. — cited in Eye twitching: the causes and when it goes away
• Factors for progression and glaucoma treatment: the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. — cited in Can glaucoma be cured? Eye drops, laser and surgery according to the studies
• Fibrin glue versus sutures for conjunctival autografting in primary pterygium surgery. — cited in Pterygium and pinguecula: the sun and that spot on the white of the eye
• Floaters and flashes in the eyes — cited in Eye floaters: can they be removed? Laser, vitrectomy and false remedies; Eye floaters: why you see them and when to worry
• Fourteen-Year Outcome of Angle-Closure Prevention with Laser Iridotomy in the Zhongshan Angle-Closure Prevention Study: Extended Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. — cited in Open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma: the differences
• Frequency of Intravitreal Anti-VEGF Injections and Risk of Death: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. — cited in Injections into the eye for wet macular degeneration: how they work
• Fuchs’ heterochromic cyclitis. — cited in Heterochromia: eyes of different colours, when it is harmless and when it is not
• Genetics of color vision deficiencies. — cited in Colour blindness: types, tests and why it mostly affects men
• Geographical prevalence and risk factors for pterygium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Pterygium and pinguecula: the sun and that spot on the white of the eye
• Glaucoma — cited in Red eye: the most common causes and when to see a doctor; Sudden blurred vision: possible causes and when it is urgent
• Glaucoma management reconsidered: insights from LiGHT, ZAP, TAGS, PTVT, and EAGLE. — cited in Can glaucoma be cured? Eye drops, laser and surgery according to the studies
• Global and regional prevalence of age-related cataract: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Cataracts: the first symptoms and how vision changes
• Global Consensus on Keratoconus and Ectatic Diseases-Edition 2. — cited in Keratoconus: symptoms, causes and treatments
• Global Incidence and Prevalence of Keratoconus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Keratoconus: symptoms, causes and treatments
• Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma: the differences; Glaucoma: what it is, and why it is almost always caught late
• Global prevalence of Human Demodex Mite: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Blepharitis: why the eyelids become inflamed and how it is treated
• Global Prevalence of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Blepharitis: why the eyelids become inflamed and how it is treated
• Has the EAGLE landed for the use of clear lens extraction in angle-closure glaucoma? And how should primary angle-closure suspects be treated? — cited in Open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma: the differences
• Hemifacial spasm. — cited in Eye twitching: the causes and when it goes away
• Hemifacial spasm: an update on pathophysiology, investigations and management. — cited in Eye twitching: the causes and when it goes away
• HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination more sensitive than early MRI diffusion-weighted imaging. — cited in Nystagmus: when the eyes ‘dance’
• Hot towels: The bedrock of Meibomian gland dysfunction treatment – A review. — cited in Blepharitis: why the eyelids become inflamed and how it is treated; Dry eye: the remedies that work, according to the studies
• Impact of the Time to Surgery on Visual Outcomes for Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair: A Meta-Analysis. — cited in Retinal detachment: the symptoms to recognise at once
• In Vitro Study of Microbial Growth in Artificial Tears Using a Novel Kinetic and Culture-Based Model. — cited in Artificial tears: with or without preservatives, what is the difference
• Incidence and risk of ptosis following ocular surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Drooping eyelid (ptosis): causes and when surgery is needed
• Incidence of Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy following cataract surgery: a population-based nation-wide study – FreYAG1 study. — cited in Secondary cataract: why vision turns hazy again after surgery
• Incidence of Retinal Detachment, Macular Edema, and Ocular Hypertension after Neodymium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Capsulotomy: A Population-Based Nationwide Study-The French YAG 2 Study. — cited in Secondary cataract: why vision turns hazy again after surgery
• Incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in myopic phakic eyes. — cited in Retinal detachment: the symptoms to recognise at once
• Incision and Curettage Versus Steroid Injection for the Treatment of Chalazia: A Meta-Analysis. — cited in Chalazion or stye? The differences, how long they last and treatments
• Intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. — cited in Dry eye: the remedies that work, according to the studies
• International incidence and temporal trends for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Retinal detachment: the symptoms to recognise at once
• Interventions for chronic blepharitis. — cited in Blepharitis: why the eyelids become inflamed and how it is treated; Dry eye: the remedies that work, according to the studies
• Interventions for improving adherence to ocular hypotensive therapy. — cited in Can glaucoma be cured? Eye drops, laser and surgery according to the studies
• Intralesional corticosteroid injection vs surgical treatment of chalazia in pigmented patients. — cited in Chalazion or stye? The differences, how long they last and treatments
• Intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection versus incision and curettage for primary chalazia: a prospective, randomized study. — cited in Chalazion or stye? The differences, how long they last and treatments
• Intraocular lens optic edge design for the prevention of posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery. — cited in Secondary cataract: why vision turns hazy again after surgery
• Intraocular Pressure, Glaucoma, and Dietary Caffeine Consumption: A Gene-Diet Interaction Study from the UK Biobank. — cited in Glaucoma: what you really need to avoid, and what is only a fear
• Intrastromal corneal ring segments for treating keratoconus. — cited in Keratoconus: symptoms, causes and treatments
• Keratoconus: An updated review. — cited in Keratoconus: symptoms, causes and treatments
• Laser peripheral iridotomy for the prevention of angle closure: a single-centre, randomised controlled trial. — cited in Open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma: the differences
• Laser vitreolysis for symptomatic floaters is not yet ready for widespread adoption. — cited in Eye floaters: can they be removed? Laser, vitrectomy and false remedies
• Latanoprost for open-angle glaucoma (UKGTS): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial. — cited in Can glaucoma be cured? Eye drops, laser and surgery according to the studies
• Lens extraction for chronic angle-closure glaucoma. — cited in Open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma: the differences
• Long wavelength pass filters designed for the management of color vision deficiencies. — cited in Colour blindness: types, tests and why it mostly affects men
• Long-Term Follow-Up of Efficacy and Safety of YAG Vitreolysis for Symptomatic Weiss Ring Floaters. — cited in Eye floaters: can they be removed? Laser, vitrectomy and false remedies
• Lotilaner Ophthalmic Solution 0.25% for Demodex Blepharitis: Randomized, Vehicle-Controlled, Multicenter, Phase 3 Trial (Saturn-2). — cited in Blepharitis: why the eyelids become inflamed and how it is treated
• Macular Atrophy in Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — cited in Injections into the eye for wet macular degeneration: how they work
• Management of vitreous floaters: an international survey the European VitreoRetinal Society Floaters study report. — cited in Eye floaters: can they be removed? Laser, vitrectomy and false remedies
• Mechanisms of Visual Disturbance in Dry Eye. — cited in Sudden blurred vision: possible causes and when it is urgent
• Medication use and dry eye symptoms: A large, hypothesis-free, population-based study in the Netherlands. — cited in Dry eye: symptoms, causes and when it becomes a disease
• Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgical Techniques for Open-Angle Glaucoma: An Overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews and Network Meta-analysis. — cited in Can glaucoma be cured? Eye drops, laser and surgery according to the studies
• Muller’s muscle conjunctival resection versus external levator advancement for ptosis repair: systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Drooping eyelid (ptosis): causes and when surgery is needed
• n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease. — cited in Dry eye: the remedies that work, according to the studies
• Nd:YAG capsulotomy is not a risk factor for retinal detachment after phacoemulsification cataract surgery. — cited in Secondary cataract: why vision turns hazy again after surgery
• Nd:YAG laser vitreolysis versus pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous floaters. — cited in Eye floaters: can they be removed? Laser, vitrectomy and false remedies
• Neodymium-Doped Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Laser Vitreolysis for Primary Symptomatic Vitreous Floaters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Eye floaters: can they be removed? Laser, vitrectomy and false remedies
• Nonadherence or Nonpersistence to Intravitreal Injection Therapy for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review. — cited in Injections into the eye for wet macular degeneration: how they work
• Nosocomial outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis accompanying environmental contamination with adenoviruses. — cited in Conjunctivitis: is it contagious? For how long, at school and at work
• Nystagmus in Clinical Practice: From Diagnosis to Treatment-A Comprehensive Review. — cited in Nystagmus: when the eyes ‘dance’
• Obstructive sleep apnoea and glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Glaucoma: what you really need to avoid, and what is only a fear
• Ocular allergy: recognizing and diagnosing hypersensitivity disorders of the ocular surface. — cited in Allergic conjunctivitis: pollen, itching and what the studies say
• Ocular benzalkonium chloride exposure: problems and solutions. — cited in Artificial tears: with or without preservatives, what is the difference
• Omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids for dry eye disease. — cited in Dry eye: the remedies that work, according to the studies
• Options and adjuvants in surgery for pterygium: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. — cited in Pterygium and pinguecula: the sun and that spot on the white of the eye
• Oral antibiotics for chronic blepharitis. — cited in Blepharitis: why the eyelids become inflamed and how it is treated
• Outbreak of adenovirus type-8 conjunctivitis among healthcare workers in the ophthalmology clinic of a tertiary hospital: Management and infection control measures. — cited in Conjunctivitis: is it contagious? For how long, at school and at work
• Over the counter (OTC) artificial tear drops for dry eye syndrome. — cited in Artificial tears: with or without preservatives, what is the difference; Dry eye: the remedies that work, according to the studies
• Paediatric Horner’s syndrome: is investigation for underlying malignancy always required? — cited in Heterochromia: eyes of different colours, when it is harmless and when it is not
• Pars plana vitrectomy versus scleral buckling for repairing simple rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. — cited in Retinal detachment: the symptoms to recognise at once
• Pathogenesis of pterygium. — cited in Pterygium and pinguecula: the sun and that spot on the white of the eye
• Penetrating Keratoplasty versus Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty for Keratoconus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 27,018 Eyes. — cited in Keratoconus: symptoms, causes and treatments
• Pingueculae and pterygia. — cited in Pterygium and pinguecula: the sun and that spot on the white of the eye
• Posterior capsular opacification: a problem reduced but not yet eradicated. — cited in Secondary cataract: why vision turns hazy again after surgery
• Predicting bacterial cause in infectious conjunctivitis: cohort study on informativeness of combinations of signs and symptoms. — cited in Viral, bacterial or allergic conjunctivitis: how to tell them apart
• Predictive factors for open-angle glaucoma among patients with ocular hypertension in the European Glaucoma Prevention Study. — cited in High eye pressure without glaucoma: what it means
• Preservatives in glaucoma medication. — cited in Artificial tears: with or without preservatives, what is the difference
• Prevalence of vitreous floaters in a community sample of smartphone users. — cited in Eye floaters: why you see them and when to worry
• Prevention and control of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in a teaching eye institute. — cited in Conjunctivitis: is it contagious? For how long, at school and at work
• Ptosis Evaluation for Otolaryngologists. — cited in Drooping eyelid (ptosis): causes and when surgery is needed
• Ptosis: causes, presentation, and management. — cited in Drooping eyelid (ptosis): causes and when surgery is needed
• Punctal occlusion for dry eye syndrome. — cited in Dry eye: the remedies that work, according to the studies
• Quality of Life and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. — cited in High eye pressure without glaucoma: what it means
• Quantitative Investigation of Viral Load in Acute to Subacute Human Adenovirus Type 54 Conjunctivitis. — cited in Conjunctivitis: is it contagious? For how long, at school and at work
• Red eye — cited in Red eye: the most common causes and when to see a doctor
• Reductions in intraocular pressure after acute aerobic exercise: a meta-analysis. — cited in Glaucoma: what you really need to avoid, and what is only a fear
• Results of the European Glaucoma Prevention Study. — cited in High eye pressure without glaucoma: what it means
• Review and update of mutations causing Waardenburg syndrome. — cited in Heterochromia: eyes of different colours, when it is harmless and when it is not
• Review of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose in Artificial Tears for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease. — cited in Artificial tears: with or without preservatives, what is the difference
• Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Macular degeneration: dry and wet forms, symptoms and diagnosis
• Risk of cataract in smokers: A meta-analysis of observational studies. — cited in Cataracts: the first symptoms and how vision changes; Smoking and eyes: macular degeneration, cataract, thyroid and dry eye
• Sebaceous carcinoma of the eyelids: personal experience with 60 cases. — cited in Chalazion or stye? The differences, how long they last and treatments
• Selective laser trabeculoplasty versus eye drops for first-line treatment of ocular hypertension and glaucoma (LiGHT): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. — cited in Glaucoma: what it is, and why it is almost always caught late; Can glaucoma be cured? Eye drops, laser and surgery according to the studies
• Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty Versus Medical Therapy for the Treatment of Open Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. — cited in Can glaucoma be cured? Eye drops, laser and surgery according to the studies
• Sodium Hyaluronate in the Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Artificial tears: with or without preservatives, what is the difference
• Surgical interventions for infantile nystagmus syndrome. — cited in Nystagmus: when the eyes ‘dance’
• Surgical operations and procedures statistics — cited in Cataracts: the first symptoms and how vision changes; Cataract surgery: how it is done, how long it takes and what the risks are
• Symptomatic posterior vitreous detachment and the incidence of delayed retinal breaks: case series and meta-analysis. — cited in Eye floaters: why you see them and when to worry
• Tardive blepharospasm. — cited in Eye twitching: the causes and when it goes away
• Tea tree oil for Demodex blepharitis. — cited in Blepharitis: why the eyelids become inflamed and how it is treated
• TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Report. — cited in Dry eye: symptoms, causes and when it becomes a disease
• TFOS DEWS III: Diagnostic Methodology. — cited in Dry eye: symptoms, causes and when it becomes a disease
• TFOS DEWS III: Management and Therapy. — cited in Artificial tears: with or without preservatives, what is the difference; Dry eye: the remedies that work, according to the studies
• The Complications of Myopia: A Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Cataracts: the first symptoms and how vision changes; Myopia: what it is, how you see and why it gets worse
• The economic and quality of life impact of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis in a Spanish setting. — cited in Allergic conjunctivitis: pollen, itching and what the studies say
• The epidemiology of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: geographical variation and clinical associations. — cited in Retinal detachment: the symptoms to recognise at once
• The Global Extent of Undetected Glaucoma in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — cited in Glaucoma: what it is, and why it is almost always caught late
• The impacts of abnormal color vision on people’s life: an integrative review. — cited in Colour blindness: types, tests and why it mostly affects men
• The lowly chalazion. — cited in Chalazion or stye? The differences, how long they last and treatments; Is a stye contagious? Can you squeeze it?; Stye: what it is, how long it lasts and what the studies say
• The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. — cited in Glaucoma: what it is, and why it is almost always caught late; High eye pressure without glaucoma: what it means
• The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. — cited in High eye pressure without glaucoma: what it means
• The pharmacological treatment of acquired nystagmus. — cited in Nystagmus: when the eyes ‘dance’
• The Pneumatic Retinopexy versus Vitrectomy for the Management of Primary Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Outcomes Randomized Trial (PIVOT). — cited in Retinal detachment: the symptoms to recognise at once
• The Prevalence and Risk Factors for Keratoconus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Keratoconus: symptoms, causes and treatments; Allergic conjunctivitis: pollen, itching and what the studies say; Is rubbing your eyes harmful? The link with keratoconus
• The red eye. — cited in Red eye: the most common causes and when to see a doctor
• The Risk of Blepharoptosis in Contact Lens Wearers. — cited in Drooping eyelid (ptosis): causes and when surgery is needed
• The Risks and Benefits of Myopia Control. — cited in Red eye: the most common causes and when to see a doctor
• The use of benzalkonium chloride in topical glaucoma treatment: An investigation of the efficacy and safety of benzalkonium chloride-preserved intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops and their effect on conjunctival goblet cells. — cited in Can glaucoma be cured? Eye drops, laser and surgery according to the studies
• The vision-related burden of dry eye. — cited in Dry eye: symptoms, causes and when it becomes a disease
• Tobacco smoking is not associated with primary open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Glaucoma: what you really need to avoid, and what is only a fear
• Topical antihistamines and mast cell stabilisers for treating seasonal and perennial allergic conjunctivitis. — cited in Allergic conjunctivitis: pollen, itching and what the studies say
• Topical corticosteroids for dry eye. — cited in Dry eye: the remedies that work, according to the studies
• Topical treatments for seasonal allergic conjunctivitis: systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and effectiveness. — cited in Allergic conjunctivitis: pollen, itching and what the studies say
• Transient hyperopia after intensive treatment of hyperglycemia in newly diagnosed diabetes. — cited in Sudden blurred vision: possible causes and when it is urgent
• Transient monocular blindness. — cited in Sudden blurred vision: possible causes and when it is urgent
• Treatment of Dry Eye Disease. — cited in Dry eye: symptoms, causes and when it becomes a disease
• Ultraviolet radiation (fact sheet) — cited in Cataracts: the first symptoms and how vision changes; Sunglasses: categories, UV filters and polarised lenses, and what really protects; Pterygium and pinguecula: the sun and that spot on the white of the eye
• Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis: A Systematic Review. — cited in Allergic conjunctivitis: pollen, itching and what the studies say
• Viral Conjunctivitis. — cited in Viral, bacterial or allergic conjunctivitis: how to tell them apart
• Vision degrading myodesopsia from vitreous floaters in the young: An important aspect of myopia. — cited in Eye floaters: why you see them and when to worry
• Visual symptoms in acute stroke – A systematic review of observational studies. — cited in Sudden blurred vision: possible causes and when it is urgent
• Vitreous floaters: Etiology, diagnostics, and management. — cited in Eye floaters: can they be removed? Laser, vitrectomy and false remedies; Eye floaters: why you see them and when to worry
• Waardenburg syndrome type II: phenotypic findings and diagnostic criteria. — cited in Heterochromia: eyes of different colours, when it is harmless and when it is not
• Worldwide prevalence of red-green color deficiency. — cited in Colour blindness: types, tests and why it mostly affects men
• YAG Laser Vitreolysis vs Sham YAG Vitreolysis for Symptomatic Vitreous Floaters: A Randomized Clinical Trial. — cited in Eye floaters: can they be removed? Laser, vitrectomy and false remedies

Seeing clearly

• [Acceptance of progressive lenses]. — cited in Varifocal glasses: why you see badly at first and how you get used to them
• [Management of hyperopia in children]. — cited in Long-sightedness: why you see badly up close (and sometimes in the distance too)
• Acute red eye in contact lens users: Clinical pearls for frontline clinicians. — cited in Contact lenses: daily, monthly, toric, multifocal
• Adaptation to Progressive Additive Lenses: Potential Factors to Consider. — cited in Varifocal glasses: why you see badly at first and how you get used to them
• Antibiotic prevention of postcataract endophthalmitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Cataract surgery: how it is done, how long it takes and what the risks are
• Assessing the astigmatism-reducing effect of toric intraocular lenses in eyes with low astigmatism: randomized masked bilateral comparison. — cited in Astigmatism: what it is, how you see and how it is corrected
• Associations between vision impairment and vision-related interventions on crash risk and driving cessation: systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Cataracts: when to operate and when you can wait; Seeing badly at night and driving in the dark: glare and night blindness; Eyesight and the driving licence: the European requirements and the test
• Astigmatism Management with Intraocular Lens Surgery. — cited in Intraocular lenses: monofocal, multifocal, EDOF
• BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia: Definitions. — cited in Presbyopia: why reading up close gets harder after 40
• BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia: Epidemiology and impact. — cited in Presbyopia: why reading up close gets harder after 40
• BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia: Evaluation and diagnosis. — cited in Presbyopia: glasses, contact lenses, laser, artificial lenses: what works; Presbyopia: why reading up close gets harder after 40
• BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia: Management with contact lenses and spectacles. — cited in Varifocal glasses: why you see badly at first and how you get used to them; Presbyopia: glasses, contact lenses, laser, artificial lenses: what works
• BCLA CLEAR Presbyopia: Management with corneal techniques. — cited in Presbyopia: glasses, contact lenses, laser, artificial lenses: what works
• BCLA CLEAR presbyopia: Management with intraocular lenses. — cited in Presbyopia: glasses, contact lenses, laser, artificial lenses: what works
• BCLA CLEAR presbyopia: Mechanism and optics. — cited in Presbyopia: why reading up close gets harder after 40
• Blue-light filtering intraocular lenses (IOLs) for protecting macular health. — cited in Intraocular lenses: monofocal, multifocal, EDOF
• Cataracts in adults: management (NG77) — cited in Cataracts: when to operate and when you can wait; Intraocular lenses: monofocal, multifocal, EDOF; Cataract surgery: how it is done, how long it takes and what the risks are
• Cataracts: A Review. — cited in Cataracts: when to operate and when you can wait; Intraocular lenses: monofocal, multifocal, EDOF; Cataracts: the first symptoms and how vision changes; Cataract surgery: how it is done, how long it takes and what the risks are; Ophthalmologist, orthoptist, optometrist, optician: who does what; Eyesight getting worse with age: what is normal and what is not
• Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. — cited in Short-sightedness, long-sightedness, astigmatism, presbyopia: the differences
• CLEAR – Effect of contact lens materials and designs on the anatomy and physiology of the eye. — cited in Contact lenses: daily, monthly, toric, multifocal
• CLEAR – Evidence-based contact lens practice. — cited in Contact lenses: daily, monthly, toric, multifocal
• Clinical assessment of a customized free-form progressive add lens spectacle. — cited in Varifocal glasses: why you see badly at first and how you get used to them
• Clinical outcomes after small-incision lenticule extraction versus femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK for high myopia: A meta-analysis. — cited in Laser eye surgery for short-sightedness: LASIK, PRK and SMILE compared
• Comparative efficacy and safety of all kinds of intraocular lenses in presbyopia-correcting cataract surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Intraocular lenses: monofocal, multifocal, EDOF
• Comparing femtosecond LASIK and small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE). — cited in Laser eye surgery for short-sightedness: LASIK, PRK and SMILE compared
• Comprehensive management of post-LASIK ectasia: From prevention to treatment. — cited in Laser eye surgery: risks, side effects and who cannot have it
• Corneal biomechanical properties after SMILE versus FLEX, LASIK, LASEK, or PRK: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Laser eye surgery for short-sightedness: LASIK, PRK and SMILE compared
• Corneal collagen cross-linking for treating keratoconus. — cited in Corneal cross-linking: how it works and who it is for; Keratoconus: symptoms, causes and treatments
• Crystalline lens and refractive development. — cited in Long-sightedness: why you see badly up close (and sometimes in the distance too); Short-sightedness, long-sightedness, astigmatism, presbyopia: the differences
• Design of Progressive Addition Lens for Presbyopia: A Systematic Review. — cited in Varifocal glasses: why you see badly at first and how you get used to them
• Does correcting astigmatism with toric lenses improve driving performance? — cited in Astigmatism: what it is, how you see and how it is corrected
• Dry eye after refractive surgery: a meta-analysis. — cited in Laser eye surgery: risks, side effects and who cannot have it
• Ectasia After Corneal Refractive Surgery: A Systematic Review. — cited in Laser eye surgery: risks, side effects and who cannot have it
• Ectasia risk factors in refractive surgery. — cited in Laser eye surgery: risks, side effects and who cannot have it
• Effect of atropine, orthokeratology and combined treatments for myopia control: a 2-year stratified randomised clinical trial. — cited in Orthokeratology: night lenses against myopia
• Effect of Corneal Cross-linking versus Standard Care on Keratoconus Progression in Young Patients: The KERALINK Randomized Controlled Trial. — cited in Corneal cross-linking: how it works and who it is for
• Effect on falls of providing single lens distance vision glasses to multifocal glasses wearers: VISIBLE randomised controlled trial. — cited in Varifocal glasses: why you see badly at first and how you get used to them
• Effective refractive error coverage in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of updated estimates from population-based surveys in 76 countries modelling the path towards the 2030 global target. — cited in Short-sightedness, long-sightedness, astigmatism, presbyopia: the differences
• Effectiveness of cataract surgery in reducing driving-related difficulties: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Cataracts: when to operate and when you can wait
• Effectiveness of intraocular lenses designed to correct presbyopia after cataract surgery: an overview of systematic reviews. — cited in Presbyopia: glasses, contact lenses, laser, artificial lenses: what works
• Efficacy of Presbyopia-Correcting Contact Lenses: A Systematic Review. — cited in Presbyopia: glasses, contact lenses, laser, artificial lenses: what works
• Efficacy, safety, and predictability of transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy: meta-analysis. — cited in Astigmatism: what it is, how you see and how it is corrected
• Emmetropisation and the aetiology of refractive errors. — cited in Myopia: what it is, how you see and why it gets worse
• ESCRS Guideline for Cataract Surgery — cited in Cataracts: when to operate and when you can wait; Secondary cataract: why vision turns hazy again after surgery; Intraocular lenses: monofocal, multifocal, EDOF; Cataract surgery: how it is done, how long it takes and what the risks are
• Evidence for hypermetropia, astigmatism, and anisometropia associated with, and early glasses preventing, the development of amblyopia and accommodative esotropia. — cited in Astigmatism: what it is, how you see and how it is corrected; Long-sightedness in children: normal or in need of correction?; Long-sightedness: why you see badly up close (and sometimes in the distance too); Squint in babies and children: when to worry
• Fall rates in bifocal, trifocal, and progressive addition lens glasses wearers. — cited in Varifocal glasses: why you see badly at first and how you get used to them
• Falls and health status in elderly women following first eye cataract surgery: a randomised controlled trial. — cited in Cataracts: when to operate and when you can wait
• Falls and health status in elderly women following second eye cataract surgery: a randomised controlled trial. — cited in Cataracts: when to operate and when you can wait
• Femtosecond laser-assisted versus phacoemulsification cataract surgery (FEMCAT): a multicentre participant-masked randomised superiority and cost-effectiveness trial. — cited in Cataract surgery: how it is done, how long it takes and what the risks are
• Glaucoma. — cited in Long-sightedness: why you see badly up close (and sometimes in the distance too); Open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma: the differences; Glaucoma: what you really need to avoid, and what is only a fear; Can glaucoma be cured? Eye drops, laser and surgery according to the studies
• Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Astigmatism: what it is, how you see and how it is corrected; Long-sightedness: why you see badly up close (and sometimes in the distance too); Short-sightedness, long-sightedness, astigmatism, presbyopia: the differences
• Global Prevalence of Presbyopia and Vision Impairment from Uncorrected Presbyopia: Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Modelling. — cited in Short-sightedness, long-sightedness, astigmatism, presbyopia: the differences; Eyesight getting worse with age: what is normal and what is not; Presbyopia: why reading up close gets harder after 40
• Immediate sequential bilateral surgery versus delayed sequential bilateral surgery for cataracts. — cited in Cataract surgery: how it is done, how long it takes and what the risks are
• Immediate sequential vs delayed sequential bilateral cataract surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Cataract surgery: how it is done, how long it takes and what the risks are
• Incidence and risk factors for retinal detachment after cataract surgery in Korea: a nationwide population-based study from 2011 to 2015. — cited in Cataract surgery: how it is done, how long it takes and what the risks are
• Incidence, risk factors, and patient characteristics in severe contact lens-related microbial keratitis. — cited in Contact lenses: daily, monthly, toric, multifocal
• Infectious keratitis after laser vision correction: Incidence and risk factors. — cited in Laser eye surgery: risks, side effects and who cannot have it
• Keratoconus Natural Progression: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 11 529 Eyes. — cited in Corneal cross-linking: how it works and who it is for; Keratoconus: symptoms, causes and treatments
• Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK) versus photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for myopia. — cited in Laser eye surgery for short-sightedness: LASIK, PRK and SMILE compared
• Long-term outcomes of corneal crosslinking. — cited in Corneal cross-linking: how it works and who it is for
• Management of keratoconus: an updated review. — cited in Astigmatism: what it is, how you see and how it is corrected
• Meta-analysis of sex differences in presbyopia. — cited in Presbyopia: why reading up close gets harder after 40
• Microbial keratitis in overnight orthokeratology: review of the first 50 cases. — cited in Orthokeratology: night lenses against myopia
• Modern laser in situ keratomileusis outcomes. — cited in Laser eye surgery for short-sightedness: LASIK, PRK and SMILE compared
• Multifocal versus monofocal intraocular lenses after cataract extraction. — cited in Intraocular lenses: monofocal, multifocal, EDOF
• Overnight orthokeratology. — cited in Orthokeratology: night lenses against myopia
• Post-LASIK Ectasia: Twenty Years of a Conundrum. — cited in Laser eye surgery: risks, side effects and who cannot have it
• Presbyopia: Effectiveness of correction strategies. — cited in Presbyopia: glasses, contact lenses, laser, artificial lenses: what works; Presbyopia: why reading up close gets harder after 40
• Prevalence of refractive error in Europe: the European Eye Epidemiology (E(3)) Consortium. — cited in Astigmatism: what it is, how you see and how it is corrected; Long-sightedness: why you see badly up close (and sometimes in the distance too); Half the world myopic by 2050? Where the estimate comes from and what European data say; Short-sightedness, long-sightedness, astigmatism, presbyopia: the differences; Myopia: what it is, how you see and why it gets worse
• Progression of Pediatric Keratoconus After Corneal Cross-Linking: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis. — cited in Corneal cross-linking: how it works and who it is for
• Refractive errors. — cited in Astigmatism: what it is, how you see and how it is corrected; Dioptres and decimal acuity: how to read a glasses prescription; Short-sightedness, long-sightedness, astigmatism, presbyopia: the differences
• Refractive surgery and dry eye – An update. — cited in Laser eye surgery: risks, side effects and who cannot have it
• Retardation of myopia in Orthokeratology (ROMIO) study: a 2-year randomized clinical trial. — cited in Orthokeratology: night lenses against myopia
• Risk factors and causative organisms in microbial keratitis in daily disposable contact lens wear. — cited in Contact lenses: daily, monthly, toric, multifocal
• Silicone hydrogel versus hydrogel soft contact lenses for differences in patient-reported eye comfort and safety. — cited in Contact lenses: daily, monthly, toric, multifocal
• Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) versus Femtosecond Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) for Myopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Laser eye surgery for short-sightedness: LASIK, PRK and SMILE compared
• Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) Versus Laser Assisted Stromal In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) for Astigmatism Corrections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — cited in Laser eye surgery for short-sightedness: LASIK, PRK and SMILE compared
• Social Media Listening to Understand the Lived Experience of Presbyopia: Systematic Search and Content Analysis Study. — cited in Presbyopia: why reading up close gets harder after 40
• Soft toric contact lens wear improves digital performance and vision-A randomised clinical trial. — cited in Astigmatism: what it is, how you see and how it is corrected
• Surgical interventions for presbyopia. — cited in Presbyopia: glasses, contact lenses, laser, artificial lenses: what works
• Symptoms and Satisfaction of Patients in the Patient-Reported Outcomes With Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (PROWL) Studies. — cited in Laser eye surgery: risks, side effects and who cannot have it
• The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of second-eye cataract surgery: a systematic review and economic evaluation. — cited in Cataracts: when to operate and when you can wait
• The consequences of waiting for cataract surgery: a systematic review. — cited in Cataracts: when to operate and when you can wait
• The efficacy, safety and predictability in transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy versus LASIK/SMILE: A meta-analysis. — cited in Laser eye surgery for short-sightedness: LASIK, PRK and SMILE compared
• The Glenn A. Fry award lecture 2013: blurred vision, spectacle correction, and falls in older adults. — cited in Varifocal glasses: why you see badly at first and how you get used to them
• The impact of different lenses on visual and musculoskeletal complaints in VDU workers with work-related neck complaints: a randomized controlled trial. — cited in Varifocal glasses: why you see badly at first and how you get used to them
• The Safety of Orthokeratology–A Systematic Review. — cited in Orthokeratology: night lenses against myopia
• Toric intraocular lens versus limbal relaxing incisions for corneal astigmatism after phacoemulsification. — cited in Astigmatism: what it is, how you see and how it is corrected; Intraocular lenses: monofocal, multifocal, EDOF
• Transepithelial versus Epithelium-off Corneal Collagen Cross-linking for Corneal Ectasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — cited in Corneal cross-linking: how it works and who it is for
• Transepithelial versus epithelium-off corneal crosslinking for progressive keratoconus. — cited in Corneal cross-linking: how it works and who it is for
• Trifocal versus extended depth of focus (EDOF) intraocular lenses after cataract extraction. — cited in Intraocular lenses: monofocal, multifocal, EDOF; Cataracts: the first symptoms and how vision changes
• U.S. Multicenter Clinical Trial of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking for Treatment of Corneal Ectasia after Refractive Surgery. — cited in Corneal cross-linking: how it works and who it is for; Laser eye surgery: risks, side effects and who cannot have it
• United States Multicenter Clinical Trial of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking for Keratoconus Treatment. — cited in Corneal cross-linking: how it works and who it is for
• Update on Orthokeratology in Managing Progressive Myopia in Children: Efficacy, Mechanisms, and Concerns. — cited in Orthokeratology: night lenses against myopia
• Visual Outcomes and Optical Quality of Accommodative, Multifocal, Extended Depth-of-Focus, and Monofocal Intraocular Lenses in Presbyopia-Correcting Cataract Surgery: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-analysis. — cited in Intraocular lenses: monofocal, multifocal, EDOF; Presbyopia: glasses, contact lenses, laser, artificial lenses: what works
• Visual satisfaction with progressive addition lenses prescribed with novel foveal fixation axis measurements. — cited in Varifocal glasses: why you see badly at first and how you get used to them

Prevention and lifestyle

• 20-20-20 Rule: Are These Numbers Justified? — cited in Computer eye strain: the 20-20-20 rule and the rest of the evidence
• [Eclipse retinopathy]. — cited in Solar eclipse: how to watch it without damaging the retina
• [Keratitis associated with contact lens wear]. — cited in Coloured and cosmetic contact lenses: the risks
• [Solar retinopathy]. — cited in Solar eclipse: how to watch it without damaging the retina
• [Use of sunglasses in everyday life, at work, and during outdoor sports: current results from nationwide surveys]. — cited in Sunglasses: categories, UV filters and polarised lenses, and what really protects
• A randomized phase 2 clinical trial of phentolamine mesylate eye drops in patients with severe night vision disturbances. — cited in Seeing badly at night and driving in the dark: glare and night blindness
• A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Eyewear in Reducing the Incidence and Severity of Eye Injuries in Racket Sports. — cited in Sport and eyes: the most common injuries and how to prevent them
• Acanthamoeba Keratitis Risk Factors for Daily Wear Contact Lens Users: A Case-Control Study. — cited in Contact lenses, showers and swimming pools: the Acanthamoeba risk; Contact lenses: daily, monthly, toric, multifocal
• Acanthamoeba keratitis. — cited in Contact lenses, showers and swimming pools: the Acanthamoeba risk
• Acanthamoeba keratitis: confirmation of the UK outbreak and a prospective case-control study identifying contributing risk factors. — cited in Contact lenses, showers and swimming pools: the Acanthamoeba risk
• Adherence to the Mediterranean-Style Eating Pattern and Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. — cited in What to eat for your eyes: foods, lutein, omega-3 and the evidence
• Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. — cited in Smoking and eyes: macular degeneration, cataract, thyroid and dry eye; OCT scan of the eye: what is it for, how is it done, is it safe?; Supplements for macular degeneration: what AREDS and AREDS2 showed; Eyesight getting worse with age: what is normal and what is not; Injections into the eye for wet macular degeneration: how they work; Macular degeneration: dry and wet forms, symptoms and diagnosis
• Association between potential factors and dry eye disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Smoking and eyes: macular degeneration, cataract, thyroid and dry eye; Dry eye in menopause: why it happens
• Association of dry eye disease with smoking: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Smoking and eyes: macular degeneration, cataract, thyroid and dry eye
• Badminton-related eye injuries: a systematic review. — cited in Sport and eyes: the most common injuries and how to prevent them
• Blue-light filtering spectacle lenses for visual performance, sleep, and macular health in adults. — cited in Computer eye strain: the 20-20-20 rule and the rest of the evidence; Does the blue light from screens damage your eyes?; Blue-light glasses: do they work? The Cochrane review
• Can Omega-3 Fatty Acids Serve as a Preventive Strategy for Age-Related Macular Degeneration? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in What to eat for your eyes: foods, lutein, omega-3 and the evidence
• Challenges in Acanthamoeba Keratitis: A Review. — cited in Contact lenses, showers and swimming pools: the Acanthamoeba risk
• Comparison of visual requirements and regulations for obtaining a driving license in different European countries and some open questions on their adequacy. — cited in Seeing badly at night and driving in the dark: glare and night blindness; Eyesight and the driving licence: the European requirements and the test
• Cosmetic soft contact lens associated ulcerative keratitis in southern Saudi Arabia. — cited in Coloured and cosmetic contact lenses: the risks
• Digital eye strain in young screen users: A systematic review. — cited in Computer eye strain: the 20-20-20 rule and the rest of the evidence; Blue-light glasses: do they work? The Cochrane review; Children and screens: what the studies say about the effects on eyesight
• Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration. — cited in Computer eye strain: the 20-20-20 rule and the rest of the evidence
• Digital Eye Strain: Updated Perspectives. — cited in Computer eye strain: the 20-20-20 rule and the rest of the evidence
• Direttiva 2006/126/CE concernente la patente di guida, testo consolidato (allegato III, requisiti di vista) — cited in Seeing badly at night and driving in the dark: glare and night blindness; Eyesight and the driving licence: the European requirements and the test
• Direttiva 90/270/CEE sulle attrezzature munite di videoterminali — cited in Computer eye strain: the 20-20-20 rule and the rest of the evidence
• Eclipse retinopathy. — cited in Solar eclipse: how to watch it without damaging the retina
• Epidemiology of Sports-Related Eye Injuries in the United States. — cited in Sport and eyes: the most common injuries and how to prevent them
• Epidemiology, Natural History, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Graves’ Orbitopathy. — cited in Smoking and eyes: macular degeneration, cataract, thyroid and dry eye; Thyroid and eyes: Graves’ orbitopathy, from puffy eyes to double vision
• Eye injuries — cited in Sport and eyes: the most common injuries and how to prevent them
• Eye injuries in athletics and recreation. — cited in Sport and eyes: the most common injuries and how to prevent them
• Eye on the Eclipse: Demographic Trends in Solar Retinopathy From 2012 to 2024. — cited in Solar eclipse: how to watch it without damaging the retina
• Health risks. — cited in Sunglasses: categories, UV filters and polarised lenses, and what really protects
• ISO 12312-2:2015 Eye and face protection — Sunglasses and related eyewear — Part 2: Filters for direct observation of the sun — cited in Solar eclipse: how to watch it without damaging the retina
• Long-term anatomical and functional findings of solar maculopathy. — cited in Solar eclipse: how to watch it without damaging the retina
• Lutein and Zeaxanthin and Their Roles in Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Neurodegenerative Disease. — cited in What to eat for your eyes: foods, lutein, omega-3 and the evidence
• Management of digital eye strain. — cited in Computer eye strain: the 20-20-20 rule and the rest of the evidence
• Mediterranean Diet and Incidence of Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The EYE-RISK Consortium. — cited in What to eat for your eyes: foods, lutein, omega-3 and the evidence
• Microbial keratitis as a foreseeable complication of cosmetic contact lenses: a prospective study. — cited in Coloured and cosmetic contact lenses: the risks
• Myopia intervention and ultraviolet radiation related eye diseases: A narrative literature review. — cited in Sunglasses: categories, UV filters and polarised lenses, and what really protects
• Non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa. — cited in Seeing badly at night and driving in the dark: glare and night blindness
• Omega 3 fatty acids for preventing or slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. — cited in What to eat for your eyes: foods, lutein, omega-3 and the evidence
• Perspectives on the Incidence of Acanthamoeba Keratitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Contact lenses, showers and swimming pools: the Acanthamoeba risk
• Photokeratitis and other phototoxic effects on the cornea and conjunctiva. — cited in Sunglasses: categories, UV filters and polarised lenses, and what really protects
• Prevalence and risk factors of pterygium: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Sunglasses: categories, UV filters and polarised lenses, and what really protects; Pterygium and pinguecula: the sun and that spot on the white of the eye
• Prevention and treatment of common eye injuries in sports. — cited in Sport and eyes: the most common injuries and how to prevent them
• Regolamento (UE) 2016/425 sui dispositivi di protezione individuale (allegato I: protezione dalla luce del sole) — cited in Sunglasses: categories, UV filters and polarised lenses, and what really protects
• Regolamento (UE) 2017/745 relativo ai dispositivi medici (allegato XVI: lenti a contatto senza finalità medica) — cited in Coloured and cosmetic contact lenses: the risks
• Retinopathy after solar eclipse, 1995. — cited in Solar eclipse: how to watch it without damaging the retina
• Ringless Premium Intraocular Lenses – a Narrative Review of Technological Advances. — cited in Seeing badly at night and driving in the dark: glare and night blindness
• Risk Factors for Contact Lens-Related Microbial Keratitis: A Case-Control Multicenter Study. — cited in Coloured and cosmetic contact lenses: the risks
• Secondhand smoke exposure and ocular health: A systematic review. — cited in Smoking and eyes: macular degeneration, cataract, thyroid and dry eye
• Self-service kiosk for testing sunglasses. — cited in Sunglasses: categories, UV filters and polarised lenses, and what really protects
• Smoking and age-related macular degeneration: a review of association. — cited in Smoking and eyes: macular degeneration, cataract, thyroid and dry eye; Macular degeneration: dry and wet forms, symptoms and diagnosis
• Smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure: implications in ocular disorders. — cited in Smoking and eyes: macular degeneration, cataract, thyroid and dry eye
• Smoking, dietary factors and major age-related eye disorders: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. — cited in What to eat for your eyes: foods, lutein, omega-3 and the evidence
• Soccer-related ocular injuries. — cited in Sport and eyes: the most common injuries and how to prevent them
• Solar retinopathy in children. — cited in Solar eclipse: how to watch it without damaging the retina
• Sports Eye Safety — cited in Sport and eyes: the most common injuries and how to prevent them
• Sports eyewear protective standards. — cited in Sport and eyes: the most common injuries and how to prevent them
• Sunlight and ultraviolet radiation-pertinent retinal implications and current management. — cited in Solar eclipse: how to watch it without damaging the retina
• TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of the digital environment on the ocular surface. — cited in Computer eye strain: the 20-20-20 rule and the rest of the evidence; Blue-light glasses: do they work? The Cochrane review
• The 2021 European Group on Graves’ orbitopathy (EUGOGO) clinical practice guidelines for the medical management of Graves’ orbitopathy. — cited in Smoking and eyes: macular degeneration, cataract, thyroid and dry eye; Thyroid and eyes: Graves’ orbitopathy, from puffy eyes to double vision; Double vision: eye and neurological causes, and when it is an emergency
• The effect of presbyopic vision corrections on nighttime driving performance. — cited in Seeing badly at night and driving in the dark: glare and night blindness; Presbyopia: glasses, contact lenses, laser, artificial lenses: what works
• The effects of breaks on digital eye strain, dry eye and binocular vision: Testing the 20-20-20 rule. — cited in Computer eye strain: the 20-20-20 rule and the rest of the evidence
• The Orphan Drug for Acanthamoeba Keratitis (ODAK) Trial: PHMB 0.08% (Polihexanide) and Placebo versus PHMB 0.02% and Propamidine 0.1. — cited in Contact lenses, showers and swimming pools: the Acanthamoeba risk
• The relationship between environmental sources and the susceptibility of Acanthamoeba keratitis in the United Kingdom. — cited in Contact lenses, showers and swimming pools: the Acanthamoeba risk
• Therapeutic and optical keratoplasty in the management of Acanthamoeba keratitis: risk factors, outcomes, and summary of the literature. — cited in Contact lenses, showers and swimming pools: the Acanthamoeba risk
• Thyroid eye disease (Graves’ orbitopathy): clinical presentation, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. — cited in Smoking and eyes: macular degeneration, cataract, thyroid and dry eye; Thyroid and eyes: Graves’ orbitopathy, from puffy eyes to double vision
• Ultraviolet light and ocular diseases. — cited in Sunglasses: categories, UV filters and polarised lenses, and what really protects; Pterygium and pinguecula: the sun and that spot on the white of the eye
• Ultraviolet radiation and the anterior eye. — cited in Sunglasses: categories, UV filters and polarised lenses, and what really protects
• Video display terminal use and dry eye: preventive measures and future perspectives. — cited in Computer eye strain: the 20-20-20 rule and the rest of the evidence
• Water Exposure and the Risk of Contact Lens-Related Disease. — cited in Contact lenses, showers and swimming pools: the Acanthamoeba risk
• Water Exposure is a Common Risk Behavior Among Soft and Gas-Permeable Contact Lens Wearers. — cited in Contact lenses, showers and swimming pools: the Acanthamoeba risk
• What Should Patients With Age-Related Macular Degeneration Eat? — cited in What to eat for your eyes: foods, lutein, omega-3 and the evidence

Children’s eyes

• [Leukokoria in a child: emergency and challenge]. — cited in Retinoblastoma: the white reflex in photos
• A Randomized Clinical Trial of Immediate versus Delayed Glasses for Moderate Hyperopia in 1- and 2-Year-Olds. — cited in Long-sightedness in children: normal or in need of correction?
• A Randomized Clinical Trial of Immediate Versus Delayed Glasses for Moderate Hyperopia in Children 3 to 5 Years of Age. — cited in Long-sightedness in children: normal or in need of correction?
• Active emmetropization–evidence for its existence and ramifications for clinical practice. — cited in Long-sightedness in children: normal or in need of correction?
• Acute bacterial conjunctivitis. — cited in Conjunctivitis in babies and children: nursery, school, contagion
• Amblyopia in children (aged 7 years or less). — cited in Lazy eye (amblyopia): why it needs to be found early
• Amblyopia treatment outcomes after screening before or at age 3 years: follow up from randomised trial. — cited in Lazy eye (amblyopia): why it needs to be found early
• Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis. — cited in Conjunctivitis in babies and children: nursery, school, contagion; Viral, bacterial or allergic conjunctivitis: how to tell them apart; Red eye: the most common causes and when to see a doctor
• Association between digital smart device use and myopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Children and screens: what the studies say about the effects on eyesight
• Atropine and Spectacle lens Combination Treatment (ASPECT): 12-month results of a randomised controlled trial for myopia control using a combination of Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) lenses and 0.025% atropine. — cited in Glasses and lenses to slow myopia: how they work
• Benefits and risks of orthokeratology treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Glasses and lenses to slow myopia: how they work; Orthokeratology: night lenses against myopia
• Binocular versus standard occlusion or blurring treatment for unilateral amblyopia in children aged three to eight years. — cited in Lazy eye (amblyopia): why it needs to be found early
• Child Neurology: Horner Syndrome in an Otherwise Well-Appearing Infant. — cited in Newborn eye colour: when it becomes permanent
• Chloramphenicol treatment for acute infective conjunctivitis in children in primary care: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. — cited in Conjunctivitis in babies and children: nursery, school, contagion
• Conjunctivitis: Diagnosis and Management. — cited in Conjunctivitis in babies and children: nursery, school, contagion; Conjunctivitis: is it contagious? For how long, at school and at work; Viral, bacterial or allergic conjunctivitis: how to tell them apart
• Contemporary management of retinoblastoma in the context of a low-resource country. — cited in Retinoblastoma: the white reflex in photos
• Conventional occlusion versus pharmacologic penalization for amblyopia. — cited in Lazy eye (amblyopia): why it needs to be found early
• Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits. — cited in What can a newborn see? How eyesight is built in the first years
• Current management of infantile cataracts. — cited in What can a newborn see? How eyesight is built in the first years
• Current status of school vision screening-rationale, models, impact and challenges: a review. — cited in How to tell if a child cannot see well: the signs
• Cycloplegic refractions in healthy children aged 1 through 48 months. — cited in Long-sightedness in children: normal or in need of correction?; A child’s first eye examination: at what age and what is checked
• Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses slow myopia progression: a 2-year randomised clinical trial. — cited in Glasses and lenses to slow myopia: how they work
• Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments (DIMS) spectacle lenses versus 0.01% atropine for myopia control: a randomised trial in children from Central Europe. — cited in Glasses and lenses to slow myopia: how they work
• Development of human visual function. — cited in What can a newborn see? How eyesight is built in the first years
• Diagnostic Test Accuracy of the Red Reflex Test for Ocular Pathology in Infants: A Meta-analysis. — cited in Retinoblastoma: the white reflex in photos; What can a newborn see? How eyesight is built in the first years
• Digital Screen Time and Myopia: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. — cited in Myopia in children: why it is rising and what studies say about outdoor time and screens; Children and screens: what the studies say about the effects on eyesight
• Do general practitioners adhere to the guideline on infectious conjunctivitis? Results of the Second Dutch National Survey of General Practice. — cited in Conjunctivitis in babies and children: nursery, school, contagion
• Dry eye disease in the young: A narrative review. — cited in Children and screens: what the studies say about the effects on eyesight
• Early-onset refractive accommodative esotropia. — cited in Squint in babies and children: when to worry
• Effect of a Local Vision Care Center on Eyeglasses Use and School Performance in Rural China: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. — cited in How to tell if a child cannot see well: the signs
• Effect of a Randomized Interventional School-Based Vision Program on Academic Performance of Students in Grades 3 to 7: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. — cited in How to tell if a child cannot see well: the signs
• Effect of High Add Power, Medium Add Power, or Single-Vision Contact Lenses on Myopia Progression in Children: The BLINK Randomized Clinical Trial. — cited in Glasses and lenses to slow myopia: how they work
• Effect of Topical Antibiotics on Duration of Acute Infective Conjunctivitis in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial and a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — cited in Conjunctivitis in babies and children: nursery, school, contagion
• Efficacy of spectacle lenses for myopia control: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. — cited in Glasses and lenses to slow myopia: how they work
• Emmetropization and nonmyopic eye growth. — cited in Long-sightedness in children: normal or in need of correction?
• Emmetropization in accommodative esotropia: an update and review. — cited in Long-sightedness in children: normal or in need of correction?
• Etiology-based strabismus classification scheme for pediatricians. — cited in Squint in babies and children: when to worry
• Evaluation and Management of Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia in Children. — cited in Squint in babies and children: when to worry
• Exclusion of ill children from child-care centers in Israel. — cited in Conjunctivitis in babies and children: nursery, school, contagion
• Extended optical treatment versus early patching with an intensive patching regimen in children with amblyopia in Europe (EuPatch): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. — cited in Lazy eye (amblyopia): why it needs to be found early
• Eye color changes past early childhood. The Louisville Twin Study. — cited in Newborn eye colour: when it becomes permanent
• Forensic DNA Phenotyping: Genes and Genetic Variants for Eye Color Prediction. — cited in Newborn eye colour: when it becomes permanent
• Genetics of human iris colour and patterns. — cited in Newborn eye colour: when it becomes permanent
• Genotype-phenotype associations and human eye color. — cited in Newborn eye colour: when it becomes permanent; Heterochromia: eyes of different colours, when it is harmless and when it is not
• Global prevalence of amblyopia and disease burden projections through 2040: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Lazy eye (amblyopia): why it needs to be found early; Lazy eye in adults: can it still be treated?
• Global Prevalence of Meeting Screen Time Guidelines Among Children 5 Years and Younger: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — cited in Children and screens: what the studies say about the effects on eyesight
• Global prevalence, trend and projection of myopia in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2050: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Myopia in children: why it is rising and what studies say about outdoor time and screens; Half the world myopic by 2050? Where the estimate comes from and what European data say
• Global retinoblastoma survival and globe preservation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of associations with socioeconomic and health-care factors. — cited in Retinoblastoma: the white reflex in photos
• Global risk factor analysis of myopia onset in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Myopia in children: why it is rising and what studies say about outdoor time and screens
• Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age — cited in Children and screens: what the studies say about the effects on eyesight
• IMI Risk Factors for Myopia. — cited in Myopia in children: why it is rising and what studies say about outdoor time and screens; Children and screens: what the studies say about the effects on eyesight; Myopia: what it is, how you see and why it gets worse
• Impact of uncorrected hyperopia on visual function and academic performance in preschool and school-age children. — cited in Long-sightedness in children: normal or in need of correction?; Long-sightedness: why you see badly up close (and sometimes in the distance too)
• Incidence, mortality, and survival trends of retinoblastoma in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. — cited in Retinoblastoma: the white reflex in photos
• Infantile and acquired nystagmus in childhood. — cited in What can a newborn see? How eyesight is built in the first years; Nystagmus: when the eyes ‘dance’
• Interventions for infantile esotropia. — cited in Squint in babies and children: when to worry
• Interventions for strabismic amblyopia. — cited in Squint in babies and children: when to worry
• Interventions for unilateral and bilateral refractive amblyopia. — cited in Lazy eye (amblyopia): why it needs to be found early
• Interventions to increase time spent outdoors for preventing incidence and progression of myopia in children. — cited in Myopia in children: why it is rising and what studies say about outdoor time and screens
• Management of infantile esotropia. — cited in Squint in babies and children: when to worry
• Mechanism and clinical significance of prostaglandin-induced iris pigmentation. — cited in Newborn eye colour: when it becomes permanent; Heterochromia: eyes of different colours, when it is harmless and when it is not
• Multifocal Optics for Myopia Control. — cited in Glasses and lenses to slow myopia: how they work
• Neonatal Conjunctivitis. — cited in Conjunctivitis in babies and children: nursery, school, contagion
• Newborn and infant vision screening in primary care: A clinical review. — cited in A child’s first eye examination: at what age and what is checked; Squint in babies and children: when to worry
• Ocular Causes for Headache. — cited in How to tell if a child cannot see well: the signs
• Ocular manifestations of pigmentary disorders. — cited in Newborn eye colour: when it becomes permanent
• Oculocutaneous albinism. — cited in Newborn eye colour: when it becomes permanent
• Ophthalmia neonatorum in a tertiary referral children’s hospital: A retrospective study. — cited in Conjunctivitis in babies and children: nursery, school, contagion
• Pediatric Conjunctivitis: A Review of Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Management. — cited in Conjunctivitis in babies and children: nursery, school, contagion
• Plusoptix photoscreener use for paediatric vision screening in Flanders and Iran. — cited in A child’s first eye examination: at what age and what is checked
• Prevalence of myopia in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 14 countries. — cited in Myopia in children: why it is rising and what studies say about outdoor time and screens; Half the world myopic by 2050? Where the estimate comes from and what European data say
• Recommendations for Long-Term Follow-up of Adults with Heritable Retinoblastoma. — cited in Retinoblastoma: the white reflex in photos
• Retinoblastoma – A comprehensive review, update and recent advances. — cited in Retinoblastoma: the white reflex in photos
• Retinoblastoma. — cited in Retinoblastoma: the white reflex in photos
• Retinoblastoma. — cited in Retinoblastoma: the white reflex in photos
• Screen time among school-aged children of aged 6-14: a systematic review. — cited in Children and screens: what the studies say about the effects on eyesight
• Screening for childhood strabismus by primary care physicians. — cited in A child’s first eye examination: at what age and what is checked; Squint in babies and children: when to worry
• Screening for ocular dysfunction in children: approaching a common program. — cited in How to tell if a child cannot see well: the signs; A child’s first eye examination: at what age and what is checked
• Sleeper effects. — cited in What can a newborn see? How eyesight is built in the first years
• Smartphone applications for early screening of retinoblastoma: a scoping review. — cited in Retinoblastoma: the white reflex in photos
• Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs on Efficacy of Conventional vs. Emerging Treatments for Amblyopia. — cited in Lazy eye (amblyopia): why it needs to be found early; Lazy eye in adults: can it still be treated?
• The association between digital screen time and myopia: A systematic review. — cited in Children and screens: what the studies say about the effects on eyesight
• The Association between Near Work Activities and Myopia in Children-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Myopia in children: why it is rising and what studies say about outdoor time and screens
• The effects of preterm birth on visual development. — cited in What can a newborn see? How eyesight is built in the first years
• The Global Prevalence of Amblyopia in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Lazy eye (amblyopia): why it needs to be found early
• The Impact of Hyperopia on Academic Performance Among Children: A Systematic Review. — cited in How to tell if a child cannot see well: the signs; Long-sightedness in children: normal or in need of correction?
• The impact of spectacle correction on the well-being of children with vision impairment due to uncorrected refractive error: a systematic review. — cited in How to tell if a child cannot see well: the signs
• The prevalence of strabismus in 7-year-old schoolchildren in Iran. — cited in Squint in babies and children: when to worry
• Time Outdoors in Reducing Myopia: A School-Based Cluster Randomized Trial with Objective Monitoring of Outdoor Time and Light Intensity. — cited in Myopia in children: why it is rising and what studies say about outdoor time and screens
• Time spent in outdoor activities in relation to myopia prevention and control: a meta-analysis and systematic review. — cited in Myopia in children: why it is rising and what studies say about outdoor time and screens
• Two infant vision screening programmes: prediction and prevention of strabismus and amblyopia from photo- and videorefractive screening. — cited in What can a newborn see? How eyesight is built in the first years
• Uncorrected Hyperopia and Preschool Early Literacy: Results of the Vision in Preschoolers-Hyperopia in Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) Study. — cited in Long-sightedness in children: normal or in need of correction?; Long-sightedness: why you see badly up close (and sometimes in the distance too)
• Use of Orthokeratology for the Prevention of Myopic Progression in Children: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. — cited in Glasses and lenses to slow myopia: how they work; Orthokeratology: night lenses against myopia
• Vision defects: screening recommendation for children aged 4 to 5 — cited in How to tell if a child cannot see well: the signs; Lazy eye (amblyopia): why it needs to be found early; A child’s first eye examination: at what age and what is checked
• Vision screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents. — cited in How to tell if a child cannot see well: the signs; A child’s first eye examination: at what age and what is checked
• Vision Screening in Children Aged 6 Months to 5 Years: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. — cited in A child’s first eye examination: at what age and what is checked
• Vision Screening in Children Aged 6 Months to 5 Years: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. — cited in How to tell if a child cannot see well: the signs; A child’s first eye examination: at what age and what is checked
• Vision screening in newborns and early childhood. — cited in Newborn eye colour: when it becomes permanent; A child’s first eye examination: at what age and what is checked; What can a newborn see? How eyesight is built in the first years
• When the darker eye has the smaller pupil. — cited in Newborn eye colour: when it becomes permanent; Heterochromia: eyes of different colours, when it is harmless and when it is not

From the research

• 3-year results of 0.01% and 0.1% loading dose atropine treatment including washout in Danish children with myopia: a placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial. — cited in Low-dose atropine against myopia in children: the studies and the European approval
• [Cell-based therapies – an innovative therapeutic option in ophthalmology: Treating corneal diseases with stem cells]. — cited in Stem cells for the cornea: the therapy born in Italy
• [Retinal imaging of the macula and optic disc in neurodegenerative diseases]. — cited in The retina as a window on the brain: studies on Alzheimer’s and neurological diseases
• A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. — cited in Supplements for macular degeneration: what AREDS and AREDS2 showed
• A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Pilocarpine 1.25% in Presbyopia Treatment. — cited in Eye drops for presbyopia: what the studies say
• An updated systematic review of pharmacological treatments for presbyopia. — cited in Eye drops for presbyopia: what the studies say
• Analysing myopia in Europe: A comprehensive meta-analysis. — cited in Half the world myopic by 2050? Where the estimate comes from and what European data say
• Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age-related macular degeneration. — cited in Supplements for macular degeneration: what AREDS and AREDS2 showed
• Application of Deep Learning to Retinal-Image-Based Oculomics for Evaluation of Systemic Health: A Review. — cited in The retina as a window on the brain: studies on Alzheimer’s and neurological diseases
• Artificial Intelligence Algorithms in Diabetic Retinopathy Screening. — cited in Artificial intelligence and the retina: screening for diabetic retinopathy
• Associations of inner retinal layers with risk of incident dementia: An individual participant data analysis of four prospective cohort studies. — cited in The retina as a window on the brain: studies on Alzheimer’s and neurological diseases
• Avacincaptad Pegol for Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Two-Year Efficacy and Safety Results from the GATHER2 Phase 3 Trial. — cited in Geographic atrophy: new treatments and the regulators’ decisions
• Avacincaptad pegol per l’atrofia geografica: ritiro della domanda di autorizzazione — cited in Geographic atrophy: new treatments and the regulators’ decisions
• BCLA CLEAR presbyopia: Management with scleral techniques, lens softening, pharmaceutical and nutritional therapies. — cited in Eye drops for presbyopia: what the studies say
• Biological parameters determining the clinical outcome of autologous cultures of limbal stem cells. — cited in Stem cells for the cornea: the therapy born in Italy
• Blue light filtering ophthalmic lenses: A systematic review. — cited in Blue-light glasses: do they work? The Cochrane review
• Child Myopia Prevalence in Europe: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Half the world myopic by 2050? Where the estimate comes from and what European data say
• Commonly Held Beliefs About Myopia That Lack a Robust Evidence Base: 2025 Update. — cited in Low-dose atropine against myopia in children: the studies and the European approval; Glasses and lenses to slow myopia: how they work; Red light therapy for myopia: promises and doubts about safety; Children and screens: what the studies say about the effects on eyesight; Does wearing glasses make your eyesight worse?; Myopia: what it is, how you see and why it gets worse
• Complement Inhibition in Geographic Atrophy: Clinical Evidence for Pegcetacoplan and Avacincaptad Pegol. — cited in Geographic atrophy: new treatments and the regulators’ decisions
• CRISPR-Cas9 Therapeutics in Early Clinical Development: Delivery and Molecular Diagnostics. — cited in Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases: where we stand
• Daily Low-Level Red Light for Spherical Equivalent Error and Axial Length in Children With Myopia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. — cited in Red light therapy for myopia: promises and doubts about safety
• Deep Learning and Machine Learning Algorithms for Retinal Image Analysis in Neurodegenerative Disease: Systematic Review of Datasets and Models. — cited in The retina as a window on the brain: studies on Alzheimer’s and neurological diseases
• Development of a target product profile for artificial intelligence in diabetic eye screening in England: a modified Delphi consensus study. — cited in Artificial intelligence and the retina: screening for diabetic retinopathy
• Diabetic Retinopathy Screening in Patients with Diabetes Using a Handheld Fundus Camera: The Experience from the South-Eastern Region in Hungary. — cited in Artificial intelligence and the retina: screening for diabetic retinopathy
• Discontinuation Approach and Follow-Up of Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression: Eight-Year Results of the LAMP Randomized Clinical Trial. — cited in Low-dose atropine against myopia in children: the studies and the European approval
• Discriminative, generative artificial intelligence, and foundation models in retina imaging. — cited in Artificial intelligence and the retina: screening for diabetic retinopathy
• Do Blue-blocking Lenses Reduce Eye Strain From Extended Screen Time? A Double-Masked Randomized Controlled Trial. — cited in Blue-light glasses: do they work? The Cochrane review
• Durability of Voretigene Neparvovec for Biallelic RPE65-Mediated Inherited Retinal Disease: Phase 3 Results at 3 and 4 Years. — cited in Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases: where we stand
• Effect of Repeated Low-Level Red-Light Therapy for Myopia Control in Children: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. — cited in Red light therapy for myopia: promises and doubts about safety
• Effectiveness of a Binocular Video Game vs Placebo Video Game for Improving Visual Functions in Older Children, Teenagers, and Adults With Amblyopia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. — cited in Lazy eye in adults: can it still be treated?
• Effects of repeated low-level red light therapy on myopia progression in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Red light therapy for myopia: promises and doubts about safety
• Efficacy and Safety of Aceclidine in Presbyopia, a Systematic Review and Meta -Analysis. — cited in Eye drops for presbyopia: what the studies say
• Efficacy and Safety of CSF-1 (0.4% Pilocarpine Hydrochloride) in Presbyopia: Pooled Results of the NEAR Phase 3 Randomized, Clinical Trials. — cited in Eye drops for presbyopia: what the studies say
• Efficacy and safety of voretigene neparvovec (AAV2-hRPE65v2) in patients with RPE65-mediated inherited retinal dystrophy: a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. — cited in Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases: where we stand
• Evening wear of blue-blocking glasses for sleep and mood disorders: a systematic review. — cited in Blue-light glasses: do they work? The Cochrane review
• Five-Year Clinical Trial of the Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: Phase 4 Report. — cited in Low-dose atropine against myopia in children: the studies and the European approval
• Functional Outcomes and Ocular Safety of Subretinal AAV-RPGR Gene Therapy for RPGR-Associated X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases: where we stand
• Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases: progress and possibilities. — cited in Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases: where we stand
• Generating evidence to support the role of AI in diabetic eye screening: considerations from the UK National Screening Committee. — cited in Artificial intelligence and the retina: screening for diabetic retinopathy
• Genome-wide association study and polygenic risk scores of retinal thickness across the cognitive continuum: data from the NORFACE cohort. — cited in The retina as a window on the brain: studies on Alzheimer’s and neurological diseases
• Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050. — cited in Half the world myopic by 2050? Where the estimate comes from and what European data say; Short-sightedness, long-sightedness, astigmatism, presbyopia: the differences; Myopia: what it is, how you see and why it gets worse
• GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: What an Endocrinologist Needs to Know. — cited in Semaglutide and vision: what is known about the risk of NAION
• GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Risk of Optic Nerve or Vision-Threatening Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes or Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. — cited in Semaglutide and vision: what is known about the risk of NAION
• Il comitato di sicurezza PRAC conclude che la NAION è un effetto indesiderato molto raro dei medicinali a base di semaglutide — cited in Semaglutide and vision: what is known about the risk of NAION
• IMI Impact of Myopia. — cited in Half the world myopic by 2050? Where the estimate comes from and what European data say
• Impact of presbyopia treatment pilocarpine hydrochloride 1.25% on night-driving performance. — cited in Eye drops for presbyopia: what the studies say
• Increasing Prevalence of Myopia in Europe and the Impact of Education. — cited in Half the world myopic by 2050? Where the estimate comes from and what European data say; Myopia: what it is, how you see and why it gets worse
• Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis. — cited in Low-dose atropine against myopia in children: the studies and the European approval; Glasses and lenses to slow myopia: how they work; Does wearing glasses make your eyesight worse?; Orthokeratology: night lenses against myopia
• Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis. — cited in Red light therapy for myopia: promises and doubts about safety
• Light Therapy for Myopia Prevention and Control: A Systematic Review on Effectiveness, Safety, and Implementation. — cited in Red light therapy for myopia: promises and doubts about safety
• Limbal stem cell therapy. — cited in Stem cells for the cornea: the therapy born in Italy
• Limbal stem-cell therapy and long-term corneal regeneration. — cited in Stem cells for the cornea: the therapy born in Italy
• Long-term Outcomes of Adding Lutein/Zeaxanthin and ω-3 Fatty Acids to the AREDS Supplements on Age-Related Macular Degeneration Progression: AREDS2 Report 28. — cited in Supplements for macular degeneration: what AREDS and AREDS2 showed
• Long-term restoration of damaged corneal surfaces with autologous cultivated corneal epithelium. — cited in Stem cells for the cornea: the therapy born in Italy
• Low concentration atropine eye drops and progression of myopia in children: multicentre placebo controlled, double masked, randomised trial in the UK (CHAMP-UK). — cited in Low-dose atropine against myopia in children: the studies and the European approval
• Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial of 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops in Myopia Control. — cited in Low-dose atropine against myopia in children: the studies and the European approval
• Molecular genetics and emerging therapies for retinitis pigmentosa: Basic research and clinical perspectives. — cited in Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases: where we stand
• Multicenter, Head-to-Head, Real-World Validation Study of Seven Automated Artificial Intelligence Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Systems. — cited in Artificial intelligence and the retina: screening for diabetic retinopathy
• Myopia outcome study of atropine in children: Two-year result of daily 0.01% atropine in a European population. — cited in Low-dose atropine against myopia in children: the studies and the European approval
• Ocular Adverse Events With Semaglutide: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Semaglutide and vision: what is known about the risk of NAION
• Ocular Biomarkers for Alzheimer Disease Dementia: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses. — cited in The retina as a window on the brain: studies on Alzheimer’s and neurological diseases
• Ocular complications from glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: Clinical evidence, potential mechanisms, and clinical recommendations. — cited in Semaglutide and vision: what is known about the risk of NAION
• Ocular disorders during treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. — cited in Semaglutide and vision: what is known about the risk of NAION
• Ocular vascular occlusive disorders: natural history of visual outcome. — cited in Semaglutide and vision: what is known about the risk of NAION
• Oral Antioxidant and Lutein/Zeaxanthin Supplements Slow Geographic Atrophy Progression to the Fovea in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. — cited in Geographic atrophy: new treatments and the regulators’ decisions; Supplements for macular degeneration: what AREDS and AREDS2 showed
• Outcomes of Limbal Stem Cell Transplant: A Meta-analysis. — cited in Stem cells for the cornea: the therapy born in Italy
• p63 identifies keratinocyte stem cells. — cited in Stem cells for the cornea: the therapy born in Italy
• Pegcetacoplan for the treatment of geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration (OAKS and DERBY): two multicentre, randomised, double-masked, sham-controlled, phase 3 trials. — cited in Geographic atrophy: new treatments and the regulators’ decisions
• Pegcetacoplan Treatment for Geographic Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Over 36 Months: Data From OAKS, DERBY, and GALE. — cited in Geographic atrophy: new treatments and the regulators’ decisions
• Perceptual learning as a potential treatment for amblyopia: a mini-review. — cited in Lazy eye in adults: can it still be treated?
• Performance and Limitation of Machine Learning Algorithms for Diabetic Retinopathy Screening: Meta-analysis. — cited in Artificial intelligence and the retina: screening for diabetic retinopathy
• Pharmacological Treatment in Presbyopia. — cited in Eye drops for presbyopia: what the studies say
• Pharmacological treatment of presbyopia. — cited in Eye drops for presbyopia: what the studies say
• Pivotal Evaluation of an Artificial Intelligence System for Autonomous Detection of Referrable and Vision-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy. — cited in Artificial intelligence and the retina: screening for diabetic retinopathy
• Pivotal trial of an autonomous AI-based diagnostic system for detection of diabetic retinopathy in primary care offices. — cited in Artificial intelligence and the retina: screening for diabetic retinopathy
• Post-approval outcomes of voretigene neparvovec (Luxturna®) retinal gene therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases: where we stand
• Prevalence and temporal trends in myopia and high myopia children in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis with projections from 2020 to 2050. — cited in Half the world myopic by 2050? Where the estimate comes from and what European data say
• Progression of Geographic Atrophy in Age-related Macular Degeneration: AREDS2 Report Number 16. — cited in Geographic atrophy: new treatments and the regulators’ decisions; Does macular degeneration cause blindness? What the data say
• Prospective validation of deep-learning algorithms for diabetic retinopathy screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Artificial intelligence and the retina: screening for diabetic retinopathy
• Randomized trial of treatment of amblyopia in children aged 7 to 17 years. — cited in Lazy eye in adults: can it still be treated?
• Rate and Risk of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy with Semaglutide Use for Diabetes and Weight Loss: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Semaglutide and vision: what is known about the risk of NAION
• Regolamento (UE) 2017/745 relativo ai dispositivi medici — cited in Artificial intelligence and the retina: screening for diabetic retinopathy
• Regolamento (UE) 2024/1689 sull’intelligenza artificiale (AI Act) — cited in Artificial intelligence and the retina: screening for diabetic retinopathy
• Repeated Low-Level Red Light Therapy for Myopia Control in High Myopia Children and Adolescents: A Randomized Clinical Trial. — cited in Red light therapy for myopia: promises and doubts about safety
• Repeated low-level red-light therapy for childhood myopia: Efficacy, mechanisms, rebound effects, safety boundaries, and clinical standardization. — cited in Red light therapy for myopia: promises and doubts about safety
• Rethinking amblyopia 2020. — cited in Lazy eye in adults: can it still be treated?
• Retinal biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in The retina as a window on the brain: studies on Alzheimer’s and neurological diseases
• Retinal gene therapy. — cited in Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases: where we stand
• Retinal imaging and artificial intelligence: A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic techniques for neurodegenerative diseases. — cited in The retina as a window on the brain: studies on Alzheimer’s and neurological diseases
• Retinal imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using brain amyloid beta status for case definition. — cited in The retina as a window on the brain: studies on Alzheimer’s and neurological diseases
• Safety and Efficacy of AGN-190584 in Individuals With Presbyopia: The GEMINI 1 Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. — cited in Eye drops for presbyopia: what the studies say
• Semaglutide and non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy: Review and interpretation of reported association. — cited in Semaglutide and vision: what is known about the risk of NAION
• Semaglutide and Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. — cited in Semaglutide and vision: what is known about the risk of NAION
• Semaglutide-Induced Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Semaglutide and vision: what is known about the risk of NAION
• Short-Term Efficacy and Safety of Pilocarpine Ophthalmic Solution for Presbyopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Eye drops for presbyopia: what the studies say
• Simple limbal epithelial transplantation versus cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation in ocular burns. — cited in Stem cells for the cornea: the therapy born in Italy
• Spectral-Domain OCT Measurements in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — cited in The retina as a window on the brain: studies on Alzheimer’s and neurological diseases
• Spontaneous recovery from amblyopia following fellow eye vision loss: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. — cited in Lazy eye in adults: can it still be treated?
• Stereopsis and amblyopia: A mini-review. — cited in Lazy eye in adults: can it still be treated?
• Surgical approaches to autologous limbal stem cell transplantation (LSCT) following severe corneal chemical burns. — cited in Stem cells for the cornea: the therapy born in Italy
• Sustained and rebound effect of repeated low-level red-light therapy on myopia control: A 2-year post-trial follow-up study. — cited in Red light therapy for myopia: promises and doubts about safety
• The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): design implications. AREDS report no. 1. — cited in Supplements for macular degeneration: what AREDS and AREDS2 showed
• The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2): study design and baseline characteristics (AREDS2 report number 1). — cited in Supplements for macular degeneration: what AREDS and AREDS2 showed
• The effect of blue-light blocking spectacle lenses on visual performance, macular health and the sleep-wake cycle: a systematic review of the literature. — cited in Blue-light glasses: do they work? The Cochrane review
• The effect of complement C3 or C5 inhibition on geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration: A living systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Geographic atrophy: new treatments and the regulators’ decisions
• Three-Year Clinical Trial of Low-Concentration Atropine for Myopia Progression (LAMP) Study: Continued Versus Washout: Phase 3 Report. — cited in Low-dose atropine against myopia in children: the studies and the European approval
• Treatment of amblyopia as a function of age. — cited in Lazy eye in adults: can it still be treated?
• Treatment strategies for amblyopia in adults: an overview of conventional methods and new technologies. — cited in Lazy eye in adults: can it still be treated?
• Two-year outcomes of repeated red light therapy in premyopic children: sustained efficacy and rebound effects. — cited in Red light therapy for myopia: promises and doubts about safety
• Valutazione pubblica europea (EPAR): atropina a basso dosaggio per rallentare la miopia nei bambini — cited in Low-dose atropine against myopia in children: the studies and the European approval
• Valutazione pubblica europea (EPAR): pegcetacoplan per l’atrofia geografica, parere negativo — cited in Geographic atrophy: new treatments and the regulators’ decisions
• Valutazione pubblica europea (EPAR): voretigene neparvovec, terapia genica per la distrofia retinica da mutazioni RPE65 — cited in Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases: where we stand
• Vision Loss Reduction with Avacincaptad Pegol for Geographic Atrophy: A 12-Month Post Hoc Analysis of the GATHER1 and GATHER2 Trials. — cited in Geographic atrophy: new treatments and the regulators’ decisions
• Visual snow syndrome and its relationship with migraine. — cited in Visual snow: what we know about this syndrome
• Visual Snow Syndrome as a Network Disorder: A Systematic Review. — cited in Visual snow: what we know about this syndrome
• Visual snow syndrome: a review on diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatment. — cited in Visual snow: what we know about this syndrome
• Visual snow syndrome: recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology and potential treatment approaches. — cited in Visual snow: what we know about this syndrome
• Visual Snow Syndrome: Therapeutic Implications. — cited in Visual snow: what we know about this syndrome
• Visual snow vs. migraine aura: Debate summary and novel insights into the syndrome. — cited in Visual snow: what we know about this syndrome
• Visual snow–persistent positive visual phenomenon distinct from migraine aura. — cited in Visual snow: what we know about this syndrome
• Visual Snow: A Review on Pathophysiology and Treatment. — cited in Visual snow: what we know about this syndrome
• Visual snow: A systematic review and a case series. — cited in Visual snow: what we know about this syndrome
• Visual Snow: Visual Misperception. — cited in Visual snow: what we know about this syndrome
• Voretigene Neparvovec (Luxturna) for Biallelic RPE65-Associated Retinal Dystrophy: Systematic Review. — cited in Gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases: where we stand

Eyes and health

• 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Consensus and Data-Driven Methodology Involving Three International Patient Cohorts. — cited in Dry eyes and dry mouth: Sjögren’s syndrome
• [Cesarean section and eye disorders]. — cited in Vision in pregnancy: normal changes and warning signs not to underestimate
• [Eclampsia]. — cited in Vision in pregnancy: normal changes and warning signs not to underestimate
• [Ocular changes during pregnancy]. — cited in Vision in pregnancy: normal changes and warning signs not to underestimate
• [Sarcoidosis]. — cited in Uveitis: what it is, the symptoms and the link with autoimmune diseases
• A British Ophthalmological Surveillance Unit (BOSU) study into dysthyroid optic neuropathy in the United Kingdom. — cited in Thyroid and eyes: Graves’ orbitopathy, from puffy eyes to double vision
• A Five-Step Approach to Acute Vision Loss: A Practical Narrative Review for Clinicians. — cited in Sudden loss of vision in one eye: when it is an emergency; Sudden blurred vision: possible causes and when it is urgent
• A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group. — cited in Optic neuritis: symptoms, corticosteroids and the link with multiple sclerosis
• A State-of-the-Art Review of Ophthalmological Indications for a Cesarean Section: Is There a Patient for Whom a Cesarean Section Is Really Indicated? — cited in Vision in pregnancy: normal changes and warning signs not to underestimate
• Acute retinal artery occlusions. — cited in Sudden loss of vision in one eye: when it is an emergency
• Acute Visual Disorders-What Should the Neurologist Know? — cited in Double vision: eye and neurological causes, and when it is an emergency
• Age-Related Changes in Ocular Aberrations and the Yamagata Study (Funagata). — cited in Eyesight getting worse with age: what is normal and what is not
• Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for diabetic macular oedema: a network meta-analysis. — cited in Diabetes and eyes: diabetic retinopathy, from the first signs to treatment
• Approach to Diplopia. — cited in Double vision: eye and neurological causes, and when it is an emergency
• ASCRS White Paper: clinical review of intraoperative floppy-iris syndrome. — cited in Medicines and eyes: the side effects worth knowing about
• Association between migraine and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Migraine with aura: visual disturbances and when it is not migraine
• Autologous serum eye drops for dry eye. — cited in Dry eyes and dry mouth: Sjögren’s syndrome
• Blood pressure control for diabetic retinopathy. — cited in Diabetes and eyes: diabetic retinopathy, from the first signs to treatment
• Clinical Features and Complications of the HLA-B27-associated Acute Anterior Uveitis: A Metanalysis. — cited in Uveitis: what it is, the symptoms and the link with autoimmune diseases
• Clinical features of visual migraine aura: a systematic review. — cited in Migraine with aura: visual disturbances and when it is not migraine
• Comparison of the 2021 EUGOGO guidelines and the 2022 ATA/ETA consensus statement for the management of Graves’ orbitopathy. — cited in Thyroid and eyes: Graves’ orbitopathy, from puffy eyes to double vision
• Corticosteroids for treating optic neuritis. — cited in Optic neuritis: symptoms, corticosteroids and the link with multiple sclerosis
• Current concepts regarding Graves’ orbitopathy. — cited in Thyroid and eyes: Graves’ orbitopathy, from puffy eyes to double vision
• Development of Classification Criteria for the Uveitides. — cited in Uveitis: what it is, the symptoms and the link with autoimmune diseases
• Diabetic retinopathy screening through artificial intelligence algorithms: A systematic review. — cited in Diabetes and eyes: diabetic retinopathy, from the first signs to treatment
• Diabetic Retinopathy-A Review. — cited in Diabetes and eyes: diabetic retinopathy, from the first signs to treatment
• Diabetic retinopathy. — cited in Diabetes and eyes: diabetic retinopathy, from the first signs to treatment
• Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis. — cited in Optic neuritis: symptoms, corticosteroids and the link with multiple sclerosis
• Diagnosis of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease: International MOGAD Panel proposed criteria. — cited in Optic neuritis: symptoms, corticosteroids and the link with multiple sclerosis
• Disorders of vision in multiple sclerosis. — cited in Optic neuritis: symptoms, corticosteroids and the link with multiple sclerosis; Double vision: eye and neurological causes, and when it is an emergency; Sudden blurred vision: possible causes and when it is urgent
• Drug-induced acute angle closure glaucoma. — cited in Medicines and eyes: the side effects worth knowing about; Open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma: the differences
• Drug-induced ocular disorders. — cited in Medicines and eyes: the side effects worth knowing about; Seeing badly at night and driving in the dark: glare and night blindness; Eye twitching: the causes and when it goes away
• Dry eye in postmenopausal women: a hormonal disorder. — cited in Dry eye in menopause: why it happens
• Dry eye signs and symptoms in patients on aromatase inhibitor therapy. — cited in Dry eye in menopause: why it happens
• Dry Eye Subtypes in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study: A Latent Profile Analysis. — cited in Dry eyes and dry mouth: Sjögren’s syndrome
• Early Thrombolysis and Outcomes in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis. — cited in Sudden loss of vision in one eye: when it is an emergency
• Epidemiology of primary Sjögren’s syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Dry eyes and dry mouth: Sjögren’s syndrome
• Epidemiology of Sjögren syndrome. — cited in Dry eyes and dry mouth: Sjögren’s syndrome
• ESC Council on hypertension position document on the management of hypertensive emergencies. — cited in High blood pressure and the eyes: what hypertensive retinopathy tells us
• EULAR recommendations for the management of Sjögren’s syndrome with topical and systemic therapies. — cited in Dry eyes and dry mouth: Sjögren’s syndrome
• Floppy iris syndrome and cataract surgery. — cited in Medicines and eyes: the side effects worth knowing about
• French national diagnostic and care protocol for Sjögren’s disease. — cited in Dry eyes and dry mouth: Sjögren’s syndrome
• Giant Cell Arteritis. — cited in Sudden loss of vision in one eye: when it is an emergency
• Global epidemiology of retinal vein occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence, incidence, and risk factors. — cited in High blood pressure and the eyes: what hypertensive retinopathy tells us
• Global Estimates of Diabetic Retinopathy Prevalence and Progression in Pregnant Women With Preexisting Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — cited in Vision in pregnancy: normal changes and warning signs not to underestimate
• Global Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Projection of Burden through 2045: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — cited in Diabetes and eyes: diabetic retinopathy, from the first signs to treatment; Eye examination: how often to have one and from what age
• Guidelines for the Management of Retinal Vein Occlusion by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA). — cited in High blood pressure and the eyes: what hypertensive retinopathy tells us
• Hormone replacement therapy and dry eye syndrome. — cited in Dry eye in menopause: why it happens
• Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. — cited in Medicines and eyes: the side effects worth knowing about
• Hypertensive eye disease. — cited in High blood pressure and the eyes: what hypertensive retinopathy tells us
• Hypertensive retinopathy and cardiovascular disease risk: 6 population-based cohorts meta-analysis. — cited in High blood pressure and the eyes: what hypertensive retinopathy tells us
• Hypertensive retinopathy can predict stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on observational studies. — cited in High blood pressure and the eyes: what hypertensive retinopathy tells us
• Impact of Arterial Hypertension on the Eye: A Review of the Pathogenesis, Diagnostic Methods, and Treatment of Hypertensive Retinopathy. — cited in High blood pressure and the eyes: what hypertensive retinopathy tells us
• Incidence and clinical presentation of moderate to severe graves’ orbitopathy in a Danish population before and after iodine fortification of salt. — cited in Thyroid and eyes: Graves’ orbitopathy, from puffy eyes to double vision
• INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE OF NONINFECTIOUS UVEITIS: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Uveitis: what it is, the symptoms and the link with autoimmune diseases
• Inhaled corticosteroids: Ocular safety and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. — cited in Medicines and eyes: the side effects worth knowing about
• Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome: Updated Perspectives. — cited in Medicines and eyes: the side effects worth knowing about
• Late-life migraine accompaniments: A narrative review. — cited in Migraine with aura: visual disturbances and when it is not migraine
• Macular neovascularization. — cited in Eyesight getting worse with age: what is normal and what is not
• Malignant Hypertension:A Systemic Cardiovascular Disease: JACC Review Topic of the Week. — cited in High blood pressure and the eyes: what hypertensive retinopathy tells us
• Management of acute cranial nerve 3, 4 and 6 palsies: role of neuroimaging. — cited in Double vision: eye and neurological causes, and when it is an emergency
• Management of Acute Retinal Ischemia: Follow the Guidelines! — cited in Sudden loss of vision in one eye: when it is an emergency
• Management of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. — cited in Sudden loss of vision in one eye: when it is an emergency
• Migraine Aura: Pathophysiology, Mimics, and Treatment Options. — cited in Migraine with aura: visual disturbances and when it is not migraine
• Migraine Aura: Updates in Pathophysiology and Management. — cited in Migraine with aura: visual disturbances and when it is not migraine
• Migraine with aura. — cited in Migraine with aura: visual disturbances and when it is not migraine
• Migraine with aura: which patients are most at risk of stroke? — cited in Migraine with aura: visual disturbances and when it is not migraine
• Multiple sclerosis risk after optic neuritis: final optic neuritis treatment trial follow-up. — cited in Optic neuritis: symptoms, corticosteroids and the link with multiple sclerosis
• Neuro-Ophthalmic Emergencies. — cited in Double vision: eye and neurological causes, and when it is an emergency
• Novel therapies in Sjögren’s disease: A systematic review of the literature. — cited in Dry eyes and dry mouth: Sjögren’s syndrome
• Ocular myasthenia gravis: a review and practical guide for clinicians. — cited in Double vision: eye and neurological causes, and when it is an emergency
• Optic neuritis and autoimmune optic neuropathies: advances in diagnosis and treatment. — cited in Optic neuritis: symptoms, corticosteroids and the link with multiple sclerosis
• Optic neuritis. — cited in Optic neuritis: symptoms, corticosteroids and the link with multiple sclerosis
• Pediatric uveitis: A comprehensive review. — cited in Uveitis: what it is, the symptoms and the link with autoimmune diseases
• Persistent and Repetitive Visual Disturbances in Migraine: A Review. — cited in Migraine with aura: visual disturbances and when it is not migraine
• Physiological and pathological changes to the eye and vision during and after pregnancy. — cited in Vision in pregnancy: normal changes and warning signs not to underestimate
• Physiological Ocular Changes in Various Trimesters of Pregnancy. — cited in Vision in pregnancy: normal changes and warning signs not to underestimate
• Pituitary apoplexy: evaluation, management, and prognosis. — cited in Double vision: eye and neurological causes, and when it is an emergency
• Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis: A Systematic Review. — cited in Sudden loss of vision in one eye: when it is an emergency
• Preeclampsia and the Retina. — cited in Vision in pregnancy: normal changes and warning signs not to underestimate
• Preeclampsia: an update. — cited in Vision in pregnancy: normal changes and warning signs not to underestimate
• Prevalence and Incidence of Uveitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — cited in Uveitis: what it is, the symptoms and the link with autoimmune diseases
• Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in 79,866 participants of the population-based Lifelines cohort study in the Netherlands. — cited in Dry eye in menopause: why it happens; Eyesight getting worse with age: what is normal and what is not; Dry eye: symptoms, causes and when it becomes a disease
• Prevalence of Novel Candidate Sjogren Syndrome Autoantibodies in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) Study. — cited in Dry eyes and dry mouth: Sjögren’s syndrome
• Prevalence, incidence and future projection of diabetic eye disease in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Diabetes and eyes: diabetic retinopathy, from the first signs to treatment
• Primary Sjögren’s syndrome and the eye. — cited in Dry eyes and dry mouth: Sjögren’s syndrome
• Psychotropic Drug-Induced Glaucoma: A Practical Guide to Diagnosis and Management. — cited in Medicines and eyes: the side effects worth knowing about
• Recommendations on Screening for Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy (2016 Revision). — cited in Medicines and eyes: the side effects worth knowing about
• Retinal migraine. — cited in Migraine with aura: visual disturbances and when it is not migraine
• Retinal vascular signs in diabetes and hypertension–review. — cited in High blood pressure and the eyes: what hypertensive retinopathy tells us
• Retinal vein occlusion. — cited in High blood pressure and the eyes: what hypertensive retinopathy tells us
• Risk factors for falls among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Eyesight getting worse with age: what is normal and what is not
• Risk factors for the development or progression of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy: Meta-analysis and systematic review. — cited in Vision in pregnancy: normal changes and warning signs not to underestimate
• Risk of acute stroke in patients with retinal artery occlusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Sudden loss of vision in one eye: when it is an emergency
• Safety and cost-effectiveness of individualised screening for diabetic retinopathy: the ISDR open-label, equivalence RCT. — cited in Diabetes and eyes: diabetic retinopathy, from the first signs to treatment; Eye examination: how often to have one and from what age
• Selenium and the course of mild Graves’ orbitopathy. — cited in Thyroid and eyes: Graves’ orbitopathy, from puffy eyes to double vision
• Selenium vs Control for Graves Ophthalmopathy in a Selenium-Sufficient Area: A Randomized Clinical Trial. — cited in Thyroid and eyes: Graves’ orbitopathy, from puffy eyes to double vision
• Sex hormone therapy’s effect on dry eye syndrome in postmenopausal women: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. — cited in Dry eye in menopause: why it happens
• Standardization of uveitis nomenclature for reporting clinical data. Results of the First International Workshop. — cited in Uveitis: what it is, the symptoms and the link with autoimmune diseases
• Steroid-induced glaucoma: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical management. — cited in Medicines and eyes: the side effects worth knowing about; Glaucoma: what you really need to avoid, and what is only a fear
• Stroke: symptoms — cited in Migraine with aura: visual disturbances and when it is not migraine; Optic neuritis: symptoms, corticosteroids and the link with multiple sclerosis; Sudden loss of vision in one eye: when it is an emergency; Double vision: eye and neurological causes, and when it is an emergency; Nystagmus: when the eyes ‘dance’; Sudden blurred vision: possible causes and when it is urgent
• Teprotumumab for the Treatment of Active Thyroid Eye Disease. — cited in Thyroid and eyes: Graves’ orbitopathy, from puffy eyes to double vision
• TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report. — cited in Dry eye in menopause: why it happens; Dry eye: symptoms, causes and when it becomes a disease
• TFOS DEWS II Sex, Gender, and Hormones Report. — cited in Dry eye in menopause: why it happens
• TFOS DEWS III: Digest. — cited in Dry eye in menopause: why it happens; Dry eye: symptoms, causes and when it becomes a disease
• The Association between Vision Impairment and Incidence of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — cited in Eyesight getting worse with age: what is normal and what is not
• The Differential Diagnosis of Diplopia. — cited in Double vision: eye and neurological causes, and when it is an emergency
• The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. — cited in Diabetes and eyes: diabetic retinopathy, from the first signs to treatment
• The effect of uveitis and undiagnosed spondyloarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Uveitis: what it is, the symptoms and the link with autoimmune diseases
• The Evolving Landscape of Dry Eye Disease Risk Factors: A Comparative Analysis of the TFOS DEWS II (2017) and DEWS III (2025) Reports. — cited in Dry eye in menopause: why it happens
• The red eye. — cited in Uveitis: what it is, the symptoms and the link with autoimmune diseases; Red eye: the most common causes and when to see a doctor
• Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. — cited in Diabetes and eyes: diabetic retinopathy, from the first signs to treatment
• Transient monocular visual loss. — cited in Sudden loss of vision in one eye: when it is an emergency
• Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. — cited in Eyesight getting worse with age: what is normal and what is not
• Uveitis in Adults: A Review. — cited in Uveitis: what it is, the symptoms and the link with autoimmune diseases
• Visual function 15 years after optic neuritis: a final follow-up report from the Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial. — cited in Optic neuritis: symptoms, corticosteroids and the link with multiple sclerosis

Examinations and tests

• [Retinopathy of prematurity]. — cited in Dilated eye exam: what the drops are for and can you drive afterwards?
• [Vasculat treatment concepts in glaucoma patients]. — cited in Eye pressure: normal values and how it is measured
• [Vision screening for children: Recommended practices from AFSOP]. — cited in Ophthalmologist, orthoptist, optometrist, optician: who does what; What can a newborn see? How eyesight is built in the first years
• Accuracy of Measurements With the iCare HOME Rebound Tonometer. — cited in Eye pressure: normal values and how it is measured
• Acquired Dyschromatopsia and Its Link to Drug Toxicity. — cited in Ishihara colour plates and online tests: are they reliable?
• Acute angle closure glaucoma. — cited in Dilated eye exam: what the drops are for and can you drive afterwards?; Long-sightedness: why you see badly up close (and sometimes in the distance too); Open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma: the differences; Glaucoma: what it is, and why it is almost always caught late; High eye pressure without glaucoma: what it means
• Acute-onset floaters and flashes: is this patient at risk for retinal detachment? — cited in Dilated eye exam: what the drops are for and can you drive afterwards?; Retinal detachment: the symptoms to recognise at once; Eye floaters: why you see them and when to worry
• Age-Related Macular Degeneration. — cited in Dilated eye exam: what the drops are for and can you drive afterwards?
• Approaches for delivery of refractive and optical care services in community and primary care settings. — cited in Ophthalmologist, orthoptist, optometrist, optician: who does what
• Assessing driving risk in patients with glaucoma. — cited in Eyesight and the driving licence: the European requirements and the test
• Assessment of near visual acuity in 0-13 year olds with normal and low vision: a systematic review. — cited in Dioptres and decimal acuity: how to read a glasses prescription
• Assessment of optometrists’ referral accuracy and contributing factors: A review. — cited in Ophthalmologist, orthoptist, optometrist, optician: who does what
• Assessment of visual function using mobile Apps. — cited in Online eye tests and apps: what studies say
• Automated achromatic perimetry. — cited in The visual field test: how it is done and how to read the result
• Change in dynamic visual acuity (DVA) by pupil dilation. — cited in Dilated eye exam: what the drops are for and can you drive afterwards?
• Color vision in civil aviation. — cited in Ishihara colour plates and online tests: are they reliable?
• Color vision testing. — cited in Ishihara colour plates and online tests: are they reliable?
• Color vision. — cited in Ishihara colour plates and online tests: are they reliable?; Colour blindness: types, tests and why it mostly affects men
• Colour blindness. — cited in Ishihara colour plates and online tests: are they reliable?
• Community screening for visual impairment in older people. — cited in Eye examination: how often to have one and from what age
• Comparison of intraocular pressure measured by ocular response analyzer and Goldmann applanation tonometer after corneal refractive surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Eye pressure: normal values and how it is measured
• Comprehensive Adult Medical Eye Evaluation Preferred Practice Pattern(®) Guidelines. — cited in Eye examination: how often to have one and from what age
• Computerized colour vision testing. — cited in Ishihara colour plates and online tests: are they reliable?
• Consistency of secondary colour vision tests in transport industries. — cited in Ishihara colour plates and online tests: are they reliable?
• Corneal thickness measurement in the management of primary open-angle glaucoma: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. — cited in Eye pressure: normal values and how it is measured
• Diagnostic accuracy of optical coherence tomography angiography in the detection of neovasculature in age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis. — cited in OCT scan of the eye: what is it for, how is it done, is it safe?
• Diagnostic Accuracy of the Amsler Grid Test for Detecting Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — cited in Online eye tests and apps: what studies say; Macular degeneration: dry and wet forms, symptoms and diagnosis
• Diagnostic performance of color vision tests for color vision deficiency: a network meta-analysis on comparisons of multiple color vision tests. — cited in Ishihara colour plates and online tests: are they reliable?
• Distribution of intraocular pressure in healthy Iranian individuals: the Tehran Eye Study. — cited in Eye pressure: normal values and how it is measured
• Driving with homonymous visual field loss: a review of the literature. — cited in The visual field test: how it is done and how to read the result; Eyesight and the driving licence: the European requirements and the test
• Drug-induced Acute Angle-closure Glaucoma: A Review. — cited in Dilated eye exam: what the drops are for and can you drive afterwards?
• Dynamic contour tonometry: principle and use. — cited in Eye pressure: normal values and how it is measured
• Enhancing the appropriateness of eyecare delivery: the iCaretrack approach. — cited in Ophthalmologist, orthoptist, optometrist, optician: who does what
• European Glaucoma Society Terminology and Guidelines for Glaucoma, 5th Edition. — cited in Eye pressure: normal values and how it is measured; Glaucoma: what it is, and why it is almost always caught late
• Glaucoma. — cited in Eye examination: how often to have one and from what age
• Global incidence and risk factors for glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. — cited in Eye examination: how often to have one and from what age; Glaucoma: what it is, and why it is almost always caught late
• Home vision monitoring in patients with maculopathy: current and future options for digital technologies. — cited in Online eye tests and apps: what studies say
• Home-Based Perimetry for Glaucoma: Where Are We Now? — cited in The visual field test: how it is done and how to read the result
• Homonymous Hemianopia and Vision Restoration Therapy. — cited in The visual field test: how it is done and how to read the result
• How to diagnose glaucoma in myopic eyes by detecting structural changes? — cited in OCT scan of the eye: what is it for, how is it done, is it safe?
• Human corneal thickness and its impact on intraocular pressure measures: a review and meta-analysis approach. — cited in Eye pressure: normal values and how it is measured
• IMI – Defining and Classifying Myopia: A Proposed Set of Standards for Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies. — cited in Dioptres and decimal acuity: how to read a glasses prescription; Short-sightedness, long-sightedness, astigmatism, presbyopia: the differences; Myopia: what it is, how you see and why it gets worse
• Investigation of the Accuracy of a Low-Cost, Portable Autorefractor to Provide Well-Tolerated Eyeglass Prescriptions: A Randomized Crossover Trial. — cited in Dioptres and decimal acuity: how to read a glasses prescription
• Is your vision blurry? A systematic review of home-based visual acuity for telemedicine. — cited in Dioptres and decimal acuity: how to read a glasses prescription; Online eye tests and apps: what studies say
• Mobile Apps and Visual Function Assessment: A Comprehensive Review of the Latest Advancements. — cited in Online eye tests and apps: what studies say
• Multimodal imaging in diabetic retinopathy and macular edema: An update about biomarkers. — cited in OCT scan of the eye: what is it for, how is it done, is it safe?
• Optic nerve head and fibre layer imaging for diagnosing glaucoma. — cited in OCT scan of the eye: what is it for, how is it done, is it safe?
• Optical Coherence Tomography and Glaucoma. — cited in OCT scan of the eye: what is it for, how is it done, is it safe?
• Optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis, monitoring and guiding of treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and economic evaluation. — cited in OCT scan of the eye: what is it for, how is it done, is it safe?
• Optical coherence tomography. — cited in OCT scan of the eye: what is it for, how is it done, is it safe?
• Practical recommendations for measuring rates of visual field change in glaucoma. — cited in The visual field test: how it is done and how to read the result
• Practising refraction in ophthalmology: instructive or outdated? A prospective study and literature review. — cited in Ophthalmologist, orthoptist, optometrist, optician: who does what
• Prevalence of Glaucoma in Europe and Projections to 2050: Findings from the European Eye Epidemiology Consortium. — cited in Eye examination: how often to have one and from what age; Eyesight getting worse with age: what is normal and what is not; Glaucoma: what it is, and why it is almost always caught late
• Professional competencies in visual healthcare in Spain and the European Union: Ophthalmologists, optometrists, and the risks associated with “scope-of-practice encroachment”. — cited in Ophthalmologist, orthoptist, optometrist, optician: who does what
• Randomized trial of a home monitoring system for early detection of choroidal neovascularization home monitoring of the Eye (HOME) study. — cited in Online eye tests and apps: what studies say
• Recent developments in visual field testing for glaucoma. — cited in The visual field test: how it is done and how to read the result
• Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression: results from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. — cited in The visual field test: how it is done and how to read the result; Glaucoma: what it is, and why it is almost always caught late
• Refractive surgery in glaucoma. — cited in Eye pressure: normal values and how it is measured
• Repeatability of subjective and objective refraction. — cited in Dioptres and decimal acuity: how to read a glasses prescription
• Review of the main colour vision clinical assessment tests. — cited in Ishihara colour plates and online tests: are they reliable?
• Risk of acute angle closure and changes in intraocular pressure after pupillary dilation in Asian subjects with narrow angles. — cited in Dilated eye exam: what the drops are for and can you drive afterwards?; Open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma: the differences
• Screening for diabetic retinopathy: new perspectives and challenges. — cited in Dilated eye exam: what the drops are for and can you drive afterwards?
• Screening for Glaucoma in Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. — cited in OCT scan of the eye: what is it for, how is it done, is it safe?
• Screening for Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. — cited in Eye examination: how often to have one and from what age
• Screening for Impaired Visual Acuity in Older Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. — cited in Eye examination: how often to have one and from what age
• Smartphone applications in ophthalmology: A quantitative analysis. — cited in Online eye tests and apps: what studies say
• Special AAO Report: Recommendations on Screening for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy (2025 Revision). — cited in OCT scan of the eye: what is it for, how is it done, is it safe?
• Surveillance for ocular hypertension: an evidence synthesis and economic evaluation. — cited in Eye pressure: normal values and how it is measured; High eye pressure without glaucoma: what it means
• The Bristol Shared Care Glaucoma Study–validity of measurements and patient satisfaction. — cited in Ophthalmologist, orthoptist, optometrist, optician: who does what
• The Bristol shared care glaucoma study: outcome at follow up at 2 years. — cited in Ophthalmologist, orthoptist, optometrist, optician: who does what
• The collaborative initial glaucoma treatment study: baseline visual field and test-retest variability. — cited in The visual field test: how it is done and how to read the result
• The effect of pupil dilation with tropicamide on vision and driving simulator performance. — cited in Dilated eye exam: what the drops are for and can you drive afterwards?
• The eye in focus: accommodation and presbyopia. — cited in Dioptres and decimal acuity: how to read a glasses prescription; Long-sightedness: why you see badly up close (and sometimes in the distance too); Short-sightedness, long-sightedness, astigmatism, presbyopia: the differences; Does wearing glasses make your eyesight worse?
• The Frontloading Approach to Meet Guideline-Recommended Visual Field Testing for Glaucoma: Time and Cost. — cited in The visual field test: how it is done and how to read the result
• The influence of age, duration of diabetes, cataract, and pupil size on image quality in digital photographic retinal screening. — cited in Dilated eye exam: what the drops are for and can you drive afterwards?
• Threshold variation in automated perimetry. — cited in The visual field test: how it is done and how to read the result
• Uniformity of visual acuity measures in published studies. — cited in Dioptres and decimal acuity: how to read a glasses prescription
• Use of Mobile Apps for Visual Acuity Assessment: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — cited in Online eye tests and apps: what studies say
• Validation of Digital Applications for Evaluation of Visual Parameters: A Narrative Review. — cited in Online eye tests and apps: what studies say
• Validity and Acceptance of Color Vision Testing on Smartphones. — cited in Ishihara colour plates and online tests: are they reliable?
• Vision impairment and traffic safety outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Eyesight and the driving licence: the European requirements and the test
• Vision screening of older drivers for preventing road traffic injuries and fatalities. — cited in Eyesight and the driving licence: the European requirements and the test
• Visual Acuity Examination Methodology in Keratoconus. — cited in Dioptres and decimal acuity: how to read a glasses prescription
• Visual Acuity Reporting in Clinical Research Publications. — cited in Dioptres and decimal acuity: how to read a glasses prescription
• Visual Impairment and Driving in Older Adults: A Narrative Review. — cited in Eyesight and the driving licence: the European requirements and the test
• Web-based telemonitoring of visual function and self-reported postoperative outcomes in cataract care: international multicenter randomized controlled trial. — cited in Online eye tests and apps: what studies say

True or false

• A comprehensive review of experimental models for investigating blue light-induced ocular damage: Insights into parameters, limitations, and new opportunities. — cited in Does the blue light from screens damage your eyes?
• A randomized clinical trial to evaluate ready-made spectacles in an adult population in India. — cited in Ready-made reading glasses: are they fine, or do they damage your eyesight?
• A systematic review of the applicability and efficacy of eye exercises. — cited in Eye exercises and the Bates method: do they work?; Can you improve your eyesight naturally? The evidence
• Aging and age-related diseases of the ocular lens and vitreous body. — cited in Ready-made reading glasses: are they fine, or do they damage your eyesight?; Presbyopia: why reading up close gets harder after 40
• American Academy of Optometry Microbial Keratitis Think Tank. — cited in Sleeping in contact lenses: what the real risk is; Orthokeratology: night lenses against myopia
• Animal Models of LED-Induced Phototoxicity. Short- and Long-Term In Vivo and Ex Vivo Retinal Alterations. — cited in Does the blue light from screens damage your eyes?
• Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in neovascular age-related macular degeneration – a systematic review of the impact of anti-VEGF on patient outcomes and healthcare systems. — cited in Does macular degeneration cause blindness? What the data say
• Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age-related macular degeneration. — cited in Are carrots good for your eyes? What is true; What to eat for your eyes: foods, lutein, omega-3 and the evidence; Supplements for macular degeneration: what AREDS and AREDS2 showed; Can you improve your eyesight naturally? The evidence
• Antioxidant vitamin supplementation for preventing and slowing the progression of age-related cataract. — cited in Can cataracts be treated without surgery? Eye drops and supplements put to the test
• Assessment of optical quality of ready-made reading spectacles for presbyopic correction. — cited in Ready-made reading glasses: are they fine, or do they damage your eyesight?
• Association of near work and dim light with myopia among 1400 school children in a district in North India. — cited in Is reading in the dark bad for your eyes?
• CLEAR – Contact lens complications. — cited in Sleeping in contact lenses: what the real risk is; Coloured and cosmetic contact lenses: the risks; Contact lenses: daily, monthly, toric, multifocal
• Clinical outcomes following the dispensing of ready-made and recycled spectacles: a systematic literature review. — cited in Ready-made reading glasses: are they fine, or do they damage your eyesight?
• Contact lens-related corneal infection in Australia. — cited in Sleeping in contact lenses: what the real risk is; Coloured and cosmetic contact lenses: the risks; Red eye: the most common causes and when to see a doctor
• Contact Lens-Related Corneal Infections. — cited in Sleeping in contact lenses: what the real risk is; Coloured and cosmetic contact lenses: the risks
• Contact Lenses and Infectious Keratitis: From a Case-Control Study to a Computation of the Risk for Wearers. — cited in Sleeping in contact lenses: what the real risk is
• Convergence Insufficiency Neuro-mechanism in Adult Population Study Randomized Clinical Trial: Clinical Outcome Results. — cited in Eye exercises and the Bates method: do they work?
• Corneal Infections Associated with Sleeping in Contact Lenses – Six Cases, United States, 2016-2018. — cited in Sleeping in contact lenses: what the real risk is
• Dietary vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of age-related cataract. — cited in Are carrots good for your eyes? What is true; Can cataracts be treated without surgery? Eye drops and supplements put to the test
• Differences in characteristics, aetiologies, isolated pathogens, and the efficacy of antibiotics in adult patients with preseptal cellulitis and orbital cellulitis between 2000-2009 and 2010-2019. — cited in Is a stye contagious? Can you squeeze it?; Stye: what it is, how long it lasts and what the studies say
• Digital media use and sleep in late adolescence and young adulthood: A systematic review. — cited in Does the blue light from screens damage your eyes?
• Effect of illuminance and colour temperature of LED lighting on asthenopia during reading. — cited in Is reading in the dark bad for your eyes?
• Effect of providing near glasses on productivity among rural Indian tea workers with presbyopia (PROSPER): a randomised trial. — cited in Can you improve your eyesight naturally? The evidence; Presbyopia: why reading up close gets harder after 40
• Effect of Vergence/Accommodative Therapy on Reading in Children with Convergence Insufficiency: A Randomized Clinical Trial. — cited in Eye exercises and the Bates method: do they work?
• Effectiveness of eccentric viewing training for daily visual activities for individuals with age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Does macular degeneration cause blindness? What the data say
• Effects of blue light on the circadian system and eye physiology. — cited in Does the blue light from screens damage your eyes?
• Efficacy of Care and Antibiotic Use for Chalazia and Hordeola. — cited in Is a stye contagious? Can you squeeze it?; Stye: what it is, how long it lasts and what the studies say
• Elevated light levels in schools have a protective effect on myopia. — cited in Is reading in the dark bad for your eyes?
• Epidemiology of vitamin A deficiency and xerophthalmia in at-risk populations. — cited in Are carrots good for your eyes? What is true; What to eat for your eyes: foods, lutein, omega-3 and the evidence
• Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. — cited in Does the blue light from screens damage your eyes?
• Eye exercises for myopia prevention and control: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. — cited in Eye exercises and the Bates method: do they work?; Can you improve your eyesight naturally? The evidence
• Eye rubbing in the aetiology of keratoconus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Is rubbing your eyes harmful? The link with keratoconus
• Failure of Oxysterols Such as Lanosterol to Restore Lens Clarity from Cataracts. — cited in Can cataracts be treated without surgery? Eye drops and supplements put to the test
• Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020. — cited in Does macular degeneration cause blindness? What the data say
• Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by Uncorrected Refractive Error: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020. — cited in Can you improve your eyesight naturally? The evidence
• Incidence of legal blindness from age-related macular degeneration in denmark: year 2000 to 2010. — cited in Does macular degeneration cause blindness? What the data say
• Infectious keratitis associated with contact lens wear: REGINFECOR multicenter study. — cited in Sleeping in contact lenses: what the real risk is
• Interventions for convergence insufficiency: a network meta-analysis. — cited in Eye exercises and the Bates method: do they work?
• Interventions recommended for myopia prevention and control among children and adolescents in China: a systematic review. — cited in Eye exercises and the Bates method: do they work?; Is reading in the dark bad for your eyes?; Can you improve your eyesight naturally? The evidence
• Interventions to slow progression of myopia in children. — cited in Does wearing glasses make your eyesight worse?
• Lanosterol reverses protein aggregation in cataracts. — cited in Can cataracts be treated without surgery? Eye drops and supplements put to the test
• Low vision rehabilitation for better quality of life in visually impaired adults. — cited in Does macular degeneration cause blindness? What the data say
• Low-energy light bulbs, computers, tablets and the blue light hazard. — cited in Does the blue light from screens damage your eyes?
• Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. — cited in Are carrots good for your eyes? What is true; What to eat for your eyes: foods, lutein, omega-3 and the evidence; Supplements for macular degeneration: what AREDS and AREDS2 showed
• Lutein/zeaxanthin for the treatment of age-related cataract: AREDS2 randomized trial report no. 4. — cited in Can cataracts be treated without surgery? Eye drops and supplements put to the test
• Management Practice for Hordeolum and Chalazion: A Survey of the Korean Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (KSOPRS) Members. — cited in Is a stye contagious? Can you squeeze it?; Stye: what it is, how long it lasts and what the studies say
• Many ready-made reading spectacles fail the required standards. — cited in Ready-made reading glasses: are they fine, or do they damage your eyesight?
• Mechanisms of rubbing-related corneal trauma in keratoconus. — cited in Is rubbing your eyes harmful? The link with keratoconus
• Medium to long term follow up study of the efficacy of cessation of eye-rubbing to halt progression of keratoconus. — cited in Is rubbing your eyes harmful? The link with keratoconus
• Multivitamin and mineral use: A rapid review of meta-analyses on health outcomes. — cited in Can you improve your eyesight naturally? The evidence
• Myopia and Near Work: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — cited in Is reading in the dark bad for your eyes?
• Myopia Prevention and Outdoor Light Intensity in a School-Based Cluster Randomized Trial. — cited in Is reading in the dark bad for your eyes?; Myopia in children: why it is rising and what studies say about outdoor time and screens; Can you improve your eyesight naturally? The evidence
• Myopia stabilization and associated factors among participants in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET). — cited in Does wearing glasses make your eyesight worse?; Myopia: what it is, how you see and why it gets worse
• N-acetylcarnosine (NAC) drops for age-related cataract. — cited in Can cataracts be treated without surgery? Eye drops and supplements put to the test
• Non-genetic risk factors for keratoconus. — cited in Is rubbing your eyes harmful? The link with keratoconus
• Non-surgical interventions for acute internal hordeolum. — cited in Is a stye contagious? Can you squeeze it?; Stye: what it is, how long it lasts and what the studies say
• Ocular allergy and keratoconus. — cited in Is rubbing your eyes harmful? The link with keratoconus
• Periorbital infections and conjunctivitis due to Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) positive Staphylococcus aureus in children. — cited in Is a stye contagious? Can you squeeze it?
• Potential risks to human health of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) — cited in Does the blue light from screens damage your eyes?; Blue-light glasses: do they work? The Cochrane review
• Prevalence and incidence of age-related macular degeneration in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Does macular degeneration cause blindness? What the data say; Macular degeneration: dry and wet forms, symptoms and diagnosis
• Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Europe: The Past and the Future. — cited in Does macular degeneration cause blindness? What the data say; Macular degeneration: dry and wet forms, symptoms and diagnosis
• Randomized clinical trial of treatments for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children. — cited in Eye exercises and the Bates method: do they work?
• Risk factors for microbial keratitis with contemporary contact lenses: a case-control study. — cited in Sleeping in contact lenses: what the real risk is
• Role of un-correction, under-correction and over-correction of myopia as a strategy for slowing myopic progression. — cited in Does wearing glasses make your eyesight worse?
• Safety of vitamin A. — cited in Are carrots good for your eyes? What is true
• TFOS Lifestyle: Impact of contact lenses on the ocular surface. — cited in Sleeping in contact lenses: what the real risk is; Coloured and cosmetic contact lenses: the risks; Contact lenses: daily, monthly, toric, multifocal; Sport and eyes: the most common injuries and how to prevent them
• The association between keratoconus and allergic eye diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — cited in Is rubbing your eyes harmful? The link with keratoconus
• The Diagnosis and Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. — cited in Does macular degeneration cause blindness? What the data say; Macular degeneration: dry and wet forms, symptoms and diagnosis
• The Effect of Ambient Illumination and Text Color on Visual Fatigue under Negative Polarity. — cited in Is reading in the dark bad for your eyes?
• The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. — cited in Are carrots good for your eyes? What is true
• The incidence of contact lens-related microbial keratitis in Australia. — cited in Sleeping in contact lenses: what the real risk is; Coloured and cosmetic contact lenses: the risks; Contact lenses: daily, monthly, toric, multifocal
• The physiology of dark adaptation: Progress and future directions. — cited in Are carrots good for your eyes? What is true; Seeing badly at night and driving in the dark: glare and night blindness
• The possible effect of undercorrection on myopic progression in children. — cited in Does wearing glasses make your eyesight worse?
• The presbyopic add. I. Magnitude and distribution in a historical context. — cited in Ready-made reading glasses: are they fine, or do they damage your eyesight?
• The quest for homeopathic and nonsurgical cataract treatment. — cited in Can cataracts be treated without surgery? Eye drops and supplements put to the test
• Undercorrection of myopia enhances rather than inhibits myopia progression. — cited in Does wearing glasses make your eyesight worse?
• Use of ready-made spectacles to meet visual needs in a low-resource adult population. — cited in Ready-made reading glasses: are they fine, or do they damage your eyesight?
• Vernal keratoconjunctivitis and keratoconus. — cited in Is rubbing your eyes harmful? The link with keratoconus
• Visual Acuity Outcomes after Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Report Number 19. — cited in Does macular degeneration cause blindness? What the data say
• Vitamin A deficiency disorders in children and women. — cited in Are carrots good for your eyes? What is true; Seeing badly at night and driving in the dark: glare and night blindness
• Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. — cited in Are carrots good for your eyes? What is true
• What causes keratoconus? — cited in Is rubbing your eyes harmful? The link with keratoconus
• Zinc supplementation might potentiate the effect of vitamin A in restoring night vision in pregnant Nepalese women. — cited in Are carrots good for your eyes? What is true